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Fifthly, our Trade to Hamburgh and other parts in Germany: the goods we fend to thofe countries are, viz. Spanish cloths, fingle dozens, perpets, bays, flannels, worsted hofe, &c. and great quantities of our Plantation and Eaft-India goods; and our returns are chiefly in linen and linen yarn, and a balance in money.

Sixthly, our Trade to Holland: the goods we fend to that country are prodigious, whether we confider our woollen manufactures, the product of our own country, our Plantation and EastIndia goods; and our returns for them in fpices, linen, thread, Rhenish wines, battery, maddar, whale fins, clap-boards, &c. fome of which are useful to us in our manufactures. Dr. Davehant, late inspector general of the Imports and Exports, in his fecond report to the commiffioners of the publick accounts, December 11, 1711, by a medium of feven years, has valued our Trade to Holland

Our annual exports at
Our annual imports at

1. $. d. 1,937,934 7 11 579,832 I

I

Balance 1,358,102 6 9/2/2

It is manifeft by this curfory view of our Trades with every one of these countries, that we do not pay a balance in money to any one; that they do not fell us a greater value of manufactures than they take from us; and confequently that we are not impoverifhed, but enriched by our Trade with every one of them.

I would not be understood, as if I thought our Trade with every other nation, to which we pay a balance in gold and filver, were chargeable with exhaufting our treasure; for if the goods we buy from any country, are fuch, as we export again in the whole, or in part, for the fame, or a greater fum of money, treafure is not exhausted by fuch a Trade; the goods we buy, by fuch re-exportation, makes us full reftitution for all the fums we lay out for them.

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First then, we buy hemp, pitch, tar, and all forts of naval ftores from the Eaft-country; unlefs we did this, we could not so well fit out our fhips to fea; the goods we fend to that country, are by no means fufficient to even the account between us; we are forced to pay the balance in gold and filver, which is comput ed to amount to 200,000 1. per annum.

But not to infift upon the numbers of people, that are employed and fubfifted by shipping and navigation, we gain much more by by our fhipping than the above mentioned fum, from other countries with which we trade; and it is certain we could not gain fo much this way, if we had not first bought the naval ftores.

For 'tis manifeft, the freight of all exported goods is paid by foreign nations; and I believe I may fafely affirm, that more than one fifth of the freight of our fhipping, is paid by the nations

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with which we trade; and it is computed there are about 500,000 tons of shipping belonging to this kingdom, and perhaps the freight of 5 1. per ton, per annum, will not be thought very extraordinary; if this be near fact, and also that one fifth of the whole freight is paid by other nations; then we pay the Eaft-country about 200,000 1, per annum for our naval ftores, which could not fo conveniently be had from any country as from thence, and, gain above twice as much by our fhipping from other nations; therefore tho' we pay fo great an annual balance upon that Trade, yet our treasure cannot be faid to be exhausted by it; we have fuch goods in exchange for it, as makes us very ample amends, and enable us to balance that lofs by our other commerce.

Poffibly fomething like this may be faid of our Trade to China and the Eaft-Indies; it is certain, befides goods and merchandize,we export yearly to thofe places in bullion, 4 or 500,coo 1. and yet I cannot yield that our treasure has been exhaufted (nor indeed that it has much increased) by means of that Trade: falt-petre, pepper, and fome few drugs of that country, we cannot well be without and yet I believe our merchants would fit out few or no fhips for fo long a voyage, if they were not alfo to have the liberty of importing manufactures: but our own want of Eaft-India goods will by no means acquit that Trade of the guilt of exhausting our treasure, or make us any amends for fuch a lofs; that is to be done no other way, than by gaining as much bullion from other countries, by means of the growth or manufactures we import from thence.

First then, the use of wrought filks and ftained callicoes of that country are prohibited in England, those therefore are re-exported; but in the next place, of their white callicoes and muslins, of their coffee, tea, pepper, falt-petre, and other goods, very great quantities are alfo re-exported, and at a much greater price than the whole annual fums which are fent from hence to the Eaft-Indies the confequence is, that our treasure is not exhausted by that Trade, fince we have thofe goods in exchange for our money, as procure us much greater fams from other countries, fince our whole lofs is more than repaired by re-exporting part only of thofe goods at a much higher price than we paid for the whole.

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From what is here faid, 'tis evident, that I would not be thought, nor do I think it just in those that do, to condemn every Trade, that carries out our bullion, of exhaufting our treasure; but that only which carries out our bullion for manufactures to be confumed here, which returns no fort of goods to be fent abroad again and, laftly, which no way enables us to repair ourselves of that lofs; and this was the cafe of having a Trade with France.

This was fufficiently evinced, when the 8th and 9th articles of the treaty of commerce between Great Britain and France, concluded at Utrecht, was under the confideration of the parliament; but it may not be improper to afk, what were the goods we ime

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Ported from France, to anfwer the paying them a balance of a million a year, to convince us it was not loft, or that fo much of our treasure was not exhaufted? Had we any naval ftores from France, as we have from the Eaft country? Had we any goods from thence, which we exported afterwards to other countries, as we do thofe of the East-Indies? Had we any unwrought materials, which were either necessary or useful in any of our manufactures, by the exportation of which, we gained the money we paid to France? Not any of all these things, but wines, brandies, kid fkins, paper, pruans, linens and wrought filks, and fuch-like goods, as were fully manufactured, and all confumed in England, and which could no way in the world make us amends for our lofs by that Trade.

This is, I conceive, fufficient for our making a judgment of our commerce with thefe feveral countries, and the advantages in a great measure accruing to this kingdom by all or any of them; wherein I have indeed omitted to give the particular amount of the Trade and balance of each country, as the fame has always been thought impolitick, to mention in so publick a manner; and as it lies in the power of our adminiftration, to fee the fame whenever they pleafe.

And fince the wealth and prosperity of this kingdom does de-' pend upon the preferving, encouraging, and enlarging our foreign traffick, by the exportation of our own native product and manufactures, our Plantation and Eaft-India goods, the wisdom of our legiflature will confift in countenancing, and effectually promoting the Trade to those countries, who take from us, or confume the greateft quantities of them; and in difcountenancing our commerce with every country that excludes the importation of them, and fet up manufactures in oppofition to ours; and not only fupply themselves therewith, but interfere with us in our Trade to other nations.

TREGONY, Cornwal, 256 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Fairs, Shrove Tuefday, May 3, July 25, September 2, and November 6.'

TRET, an allowance in weighable goods of 4 pounds in 104, made by the merchants in London to the retailing tradesmen, for break, wafte, or duft mix'd with the goods.

TRING, Hertfordshire, 33 miles from London Market, Friday. Fairs, May 18. Carrier, Peacock, Clare-Market, Wednesday; Oxford Arms, Warwick-lane, Friday and Saturday.

TROWBRIDGE, Wiltshire, 99 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Fair, July 25. Carrier, Swan, Holborn-Bridge, Thursday; Bull and Mouth, Alderfgate Street, Friday.

TRUNK and Box-MAKER. These are different trades. The Trunk-maker deals in Trunks, portmanteaus, and leather buckets, and the Box-maker in boxes and wooden cafes for packing up furniture and other goods. They have each of them moderate profits. They take 8 or 10 1. with an apprentice, and 100 or 2001.

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will fet up either of them. A journeyman may earn 14 or 15 s. a week.

Among these we may mention the fhagreen cafe-maker for watches, and other parts of a lady's equipage, a pretty neat employment, more profitable than either of the former.

TRURO, Cornwal, 274 miles from London. Markets, Wednesday and Saturday. Fairs, Wednesday after Mid-lent Sunday, Wednesday in Whitfun week, November 14, December 8. Carrier, Bell, Friday-street, Monday.

TRONAGE, a cuftom or toll for weighing of wool.

TRUSS of hay is 56 pound, and 36 truffes make a load.
TUN, of timber, 40 folid feet.

TUNBRIDGE, Kent, 29 miles from London. Market, Friday. Fairs, Afh-Wednesday, June 24, October 18. Coach, Bell-Savage, Ludgate-hill, daily. Carrier, Queen's Head and George, Southwark, Tuesday and Friday; King's head, ditto, Tuefday.

TUNNAGE. An impoft of fo mueh per tun, granted to the king upon liquors imported or exported.

TURKY, is a very extenfive empire, comprehending fome of the richest countries in Europe, Afia and Africa. In Europe they are poffeffed of Romania, Bulgaria, Servia, Bosnia, Ragufa, Wallachia, Moldavia, Beffarabia, Budziack, and Ockzakow, Tartary Crim and Little, with Albania, Epirus, Macedonia, Theffaly, and all the ancient Greece, with its numerous iflands in the Archipelago.

In Afia they poffefs Chaldea, now Eyraca, Arabic Mefopotamia, now Diarbeck; part of Affyria, now Curdistan; Armenia, now Turcomania; part of Georgia, Mingrelia, and Circaffia, part of Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Natolia. or Afia minor.

In Africa they poffefs Egypt.

The goods imported from Turky are, raw filk, carpets, goat's hair, mohair yarn, goat's wool, cotton wool, and yarn, dimities, burdets, fhagreen fkins, cordovants, blue, red, and yellow, coffee, rhubarb, turpentine, opium, gum fenega, terra lemnia, china root, and abundance of other drugs, wine, oil, figs, raifins, dates, almonds, pistachio nuts, allum, vitriol, box-wood, bees wax and faffron.

TURKY COMPANY. The Turky or Levant Company was first incorporated in the reign of queen Elizabeth, and their privileges confirmed and enlarg'd in the reign of king James I, being impower'd to trade to the Levant, or eastern part of the Mediterranean, particularly to Smyrna, Aleppo, Conftantinople, Cyprus, Grand Cairo, Alexandria, &c. It confifts of a governor, deputy governor, and eighteen affiftants or directors chofen annually, &c. This trade is open alfo to every merchant, paying a small confideration, and carried on accordingly by private men,

Thefe merchants export to Turky chiefly broad cloth, long ells, tin, lead, and fome iron; and the English merchants frequently

quently buy up French and Lisbon fugars and transport thither, as well as bullion from Cadiz.

Notwithstanding which the Turky trade is very useful, the goods we fend being full manufactured, and carried to them in our own fhipping, and the commodities we take from them in returns, are alfo in our own navigation.

The commodities we receive from thence are chiefly raw, and very proper to carry on our home manufactures, and employ our poor, as well as for re-exportation. The great value is in raw filk; we take befides, grogram yarn, dying ftuffs of fundry kinds, drugs, foap, leather, cotton, and fome fruit, oil, &c.

I am willing to hope the balance here is on our fide; but however, as they take off a great deal of cloth, and furnish us with raw materials for our manufactures, this must be look'd on as an advantageous trade.

TURNER. This trade is divided into feveral branches, as the Turner of brafs, filver, and other metals; the Turner of wood and the Turner of ivory. They are all profitable employments; but those that turn toys get moft. They take 12 or 151. with an apprentice, and 100 1. will fet him up. This trade is upon the livery. Their hall in Thames-ftreet.

TUXFORD, Not inghamshire, 131 miles from London. Market, Monday. Fairs, May 3, and Sept. 12.

TWICKENHAM, Middlefex, 10 miles from London. Coach, Bolt-in-tun, Fleet-ftreet, daily,

TYREWOMAN. She is chiefly employed in cutting the lady's hair, and modelling her head drefs; and when they are eminent in their way, are well paid and well refpected; but they are only fent for on extraordinary occafions to drefs a lady; her maid usually performs the office.

ELLUM and PARCHMENT-MAKERS. Vellum is made of calf VEL fkins, as the parchment is of sheep skins, ftretch'd and drefs'd very thin, and be look'd may upon as part of the tanner or felt

monger's trade.

VERA CRUZ, weft lon. 100. lat. 18, 30. a port town of Mexico in America, in the province of Tlafcala, fituated on the gulph of Mexico, zoo miles S. E. of Mexico city, having a very fecure and commodious harbour, well defended by forts at the entrance. Here the flotilla annually arrives from Spain, to receive the gold and filver the mines of Mexico produce; and at the fame time is held a fair here for all manner of rich merchandize, brought hither from China and the Eaft-Indies, by the way of the Pacific ocean and of the merchandize of Europe by the way of the Atlantic ocean. The

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