OBV. Calvin Coolidge, President of the United States. Bust of the President.

REV. Inside a stylized wreath of laurel: Inaugurated Aug. 3, 1923 and Mar. 4, 1925. Seated female figure holding fasces, symbol of authority. An heraldic eagle atop the shield of the United States; a cornucopia. 1928. By John Ray Sinnock

CALVIN COOLIDGE

1872-Coolidge was born on July 4, 1872, in Plymouth, Vt., the son of John C. Coolidge and Victoria T. (Moor) Coolidge, an old New England farming family.

1891-After attendance at Black River and St. Johnsbury Academies, Coolidge entered Amherst; he graduated in 1895, cum laude.

1895-Studied law at the firm of Hammond & Field of Northampton, Mass., and began practicing in 1898. 1899-Elected councilman of Northampton. 1900-Elected city solicitor of Northampton. 1904-Appointed to the county office of clerk of courts.

Married Grace Anna Goodhue. They had two sons, the younger dying at the age of 16 from blood poisoning.

1907-08-Served two terms in the General Court of

Massachusetts, the legislative body of that State. 1910-11-Served two terms as the mayor of Northampton, becoming known for his coolly efficient, capable, and frugal administration.

1912-15-State senator, and in 1914 and 1915 was elected president of the Massachusetts State Senate.

1916-18-Served three terms as Lieutenant Governor of the State of Massachusetts. 1919-20-Elected Governor of Massachusetts. Again, his administration was marked by efficiency, economy, and determination. When Boston police threatened to strike, Coolidge drew national attention by refusing to yield to them and calling out the State Guard with the statement: "There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime."

1920-A split in his own Massachusetts delegation to the Republican National Convention denied Coolidge the nomination of the party for President in the deadlocked convention. When Warren G. Harding was nominated, Coolidge became the vice-presidential nominee on the first ballot.

1923-Upon the death of President Harding, Coolidge was sworn into office by his father, a justice of the peace, at the latter's Vermont home early on the morning of August 3, 1923.

After some months in office, Coolidge published a statement of his political views; the simplicity, honesty, and straight-forwardness of the document received wide domestic acclaim. The statement came out against further downward tariff revisions; it advocated a reduction in taxes; it opposed the soldiers' bonus and direct governmental aid to farmers; and it opposed the entrance of the United States into the League of Nations, although it supported the participation of the United States in the World Court.

1924 Coolidge stood firm against the accusations

aroused by the Teapot Dome Scandal; he refused to hastily dismiss indicted officials and relied upon personal integrity to weather the storm.

Coolidge was renominated for the Presidency and won the election by a large margin. His Vice President was Charles G. Dawes of Illinois. During the campaign, Coolidge made few speeches, remaining in Washington. He became known for his nonloquaciousness and his conciseness of speech. 1925-On March 4 was inaugurated as President at a time when prosperity began to sweep the country. In all of his administration-sponsored legislation Coolidge fought to reduce waste. He also reduced income taxes and the national debt.

1924-28-At home, Coolidge was unshakeable in his belief that the Government should not interfere with private enterprise. In foreign affairs he stressed American ideals of nonintervention and

protection of the Western Hemisphere. A conference between Great Britain, Japan, and the United States was called to limit naval armaments. but it ended in deadlock. However, a plan for repayment of war debts to the United States by foreign powers was agreed upon.

1927-With characteristic brevity and conciseness, President Coolidge announced that he did not plan to run for renomination.

1929 - Coolidge retired to Northampton and wrote his Autobiography.

1933 President Coolidge died of a sudden heart attack in Northampton, Mass., on January 5, 1933. He lies buried beside his father, wife, and son at Ply

mouth, Vt.

Reorganization of the Foreign Service-May 24, 1924, 43 Stat. 140.
Immigration Act of 1924-May 26, 1924, 43 Stat. 153.

World War Veterans Act-June 7, 1924, 43 Stat. 607.
Railway Labor Act-May 20, 1926, 44 Stat. 577.

Alban on an Iowa farm, and his Uncle Leban in Osage Indian Territory. 1884-Hoover moved to Newberg, Oreg., to attend a Quaker academy and lived with his uncle John Minthorn, a country doctor and a man of wide academic attainments. 1891-95-Entered Leland Stanford University, when this school first opened its doors. Earned his way by working on the Arkansas and U.S. Geological Surveys and as a professor's secretary. Graduated in 1895 with a degree in geology and engineering. 1895-97-Employed as a mining engineer in Colorado

and New Mexico. In October 1897, he became associated with the British firm of Bewick, Moreing & Co., handling its gold mining operations in western Australia. 1899-1902-Accepted a position offered by the Chinese Government, as chief engineer of the Chinese Engineering & Mining Co., a large coal mining and cement manufacturing business.

In February 1899, married Lou Henry, daughter of a country banker at Waterloo, Iowa. They were to have two sons, Herbert, Jr., and Allen.

Hoover and his bride reached Peking early in 1899. The following year, during the Boxer Rebellion, they lived through the siege of Tientsin by antiforeign Chinese. It was here that Hoover first witnessed the tragedy of war, famine and refugees. After the war, Hoover served as general manager of the Chinese Engineering & Mining Co., until Belgian interests acquired majority control. 1902-8-Hoover was made a junior partner in the Lon

don-based mining firm of Bewick, Moreing & Co. Remaining with this firm for some time, and working in the field, Hoover's travels took him around the globe five times.

1908-Hoover returned to America where he hoped to be

of service in public life. He organized his own consulting engineering firm which again took him on extensive world travel. He joined the National Republican Club in 1909. During that year he delivered a series of engineering lectures at Columbia and Stanford Universities which were later published under the title, Principles of Mining. Three years later he became a trustee of Stanford University.

1914-Hoover was in London when World War I broke

out. He was persuaded by the American Ambassador to England, to organize and direct the American Committee in London. Its purpose was to help thousands of stranded Americans, who had come in from all over Europe, to return to the United States.

1914-20-Hoover's career as an engineer having ended, he had now entered what he later called "the slippery road of public life.” His next service was as head of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium and Northern France. This commission disbursed over $1.5 billions in feeding and clothing 10 million civilians.

1917-19-When the United States entered the war on April 6, 1917, President Wilson recalled Hoover and appointed him U.S. Food Administrator, a member of the War Trade Council and chairman of the Inter-Allied Food Council. In the meantime, Hoover continued in his unsalaried post of Belgian Relief Administrator.

1918 Following the armistice on November 11, 1918, Hoover combined his duties of U.S. Food Administrator with the new assignment of heading the American Relief Administration. This agency had responsibility for the economic rehabilitation of Europe a program which fed and clothed over 200 million people. This agency also helped the Russians survive the famine which swept through the Russian Ukraine in 1921-23.

1921-28-Hoover was appointed Secretary of Commerce, serving ably and with distinction under Presidents Harding and Coolidge. Reorganizing the Department of Commerce, Hoover brought new life and importance to this agency in the postwar development of foreign and domestic commerce. Hoover established an agency, now known as the Business Advisory Council, with leaders of business, labor, and agriculture, to counsel him on board policy matters.

As Secretary of Commerce, and later as President, Hoover spearheaded a program to eliminate waste in many areas of our national economy. Other programs undertaken were better utilization of our water resources for cheaper transportation of commodities; conservation of fuel and labor by an enlarged electrification system; improvement of railway transportation; smoothing of the peaks and valleys of business cycles which caused periodic unemployment and bankruptcy; establishing standards for commercial products; development of pure and scientific research as the foundation of genuine labor-saving devices; and development of agricultural cooperatives, to reduce waste in agricultural distribution.

In 1922, Hoover published his political philosophy in his book, American Individualism.

1928 At the Kansas City Republican National Convention, Hoover was nominated for the Presidency on the first ballot. He conducted a dignified campaign,

making only seven speeches, in which he declared his dedication to traditional doctrines, equality of opportunity, individual enterprise without governmental interference, and faith in the American economic system. A few weeks after winning an overwhelming victory at the polls, Hoover began a goodwill tour of Central and South America. 1929-A few months after his inauguration as President, Hoover secured authority from the Congress to create the Federal Farm Board. This agency, with a large capital, undertook the task of aiding agriculture by purchasing surpluses, and strengthening cooperatives so as to decrease destructive competition between farmers. The work of this Board was hardly underway when the stock market crash of October 1929 struck the country. This was followed by the European financial panic of 1931. To solve these difficulties, Hoover turned the Board into a depression remedy.

Following the pledge made in his inaugural address, Hoover undertook and achieved substantial success in law enforcement reforms. He improved the quality of judicial appointments, reformed judicial procedures in criminal cases, and bankruptcy proceedings, and he strengthened the Federal Bureau of Investigation headed by his friend, J. Edgar Hoover. He was not so successful in enforcing prohibition. He later stated: "I should have been glad to have humanity forget all about strong alcoholic drinks. They are moral, physical, and economic curses to the race. But in the present stage of human progress, this vehicle of joy could not be generally suppressed by Federal law." 1930-Enacted into law during the Hoover administra

tion was highly controversial legislation known as
the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Bill. Hoover held out
against fixed tariff rates (the highest in history)
and obtained language in the legislation which
permitted the administration to apply flexible
rates, thus removing tariffs from politics.
Upon the recommendation of the President, the
Congress authorized the creation of the Federal
Power Commission as an agency "with real teeth,"
to control water-generated power. The Interstate
Commerce Commission was given additional au-
thority to control railroads and their reorganiza.
tion. Putting them on a sound financial basis was
one of the great tasks later undertaken by the
Hoover-recommended Reconstruction Finance

Corporation.

In 1930, the Congress approved the administration's request for a public works program, one of

the largest undertaken up to that time, to condition the blows occasioned by the stock market crash. At the same time, Hoover sought to stimulate private business initiative, and he encouraged humanitarian efforts of local governments and private charities.

Hoover obtained Senate ratification on July 22 1930, of the London Naval Treaty, limiting armament by world powers.

1931-32-Hoover insisted that foreign countries repay war debts due the United States. However, when the depression hit Europe, he supported a moratorium suspending payments.

A serious foreign crisis developed in September
1931, when Japan invaded Manchuria. On Janu-
ary 7, 1932, Hoover promulgated the "Stimson
Doctrine," serving notice to the world that the
United States would not recognize territorial
conquest.

As for Latin American policy, Hoover reversed the
interventionist policies of his predecessors and laid
the foundation for the "Good Neighbor Policy."
In 1932, with a deepening depression, Herbert
Hoover lost the presidential election to Franklin D.
Roosevelt.

1933-Hoover retired to California where he founded the
Hoover Library on War, Revolution, and Peace,
at Stanford University.
1942-Published two books: America's First Crusade, and

with Hugh Gibson, The Problems of Lasting Peace. 1946-At the request of President Truman, Hoover undertook the mission of making on-the-spot surveys throughout the world, to deal with the postwar famine problem.

1947-On September 29, 1947, Truman appointed Hoover as Chairman of the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, better known as the "Hoover Commission." His task was to recommend ways of simplifying and achieving economies in the executive branch of Government. Two years later, the Commission issued its reports; most of the recommendations made were enacted into law or were otherwise put into effect through presidential administrative action. 1953-President Eisenhower created a second Hoover

Commission which also worked on policy matters. Appointed its chairman on July 30, 1953, Hoover stated this would be his last public service. The Commission finished its work in 1955. 1955--Now over 80 years old, Hoover continued to write and occasionally undertake speaking engagements,

OBV. President of the United States. Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Bust of the President against background of the sea, reaching to horizon.

REV. Seated figure representing a sorrowing Nation, dropping a wreath upon the waters. A ship, symbolizing the spirit of the late President, sails into the distant mist. The palm branch of mourning. The inscription, For Country and Humanity, indicates the President's labors for the benefit of all mankind. Dates of inauguration; the rows of crosses signifying that he, also, was a war casualty. Date of death. In lower left field, new leaves are sprouting, representing the dawn of a new era of peace; in exergue, In Memoriam.

By John Ray Sinnock.

FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT

1882-Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born January 30, at Hyde Park, N.Y., the son of James and Sara (Delano) Roosevelt.

James Roosevelt was a wealthy landowner and railroad vice president. He was a direct descendant of a Dutch immigrant who arrived in New Amsterdam about 1649, and a remote cousin of Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States. 1896-At the age of 14, he entered Groton School, already

well spoken in the German and French languages due to private tutoring and wide travel experiences. 1900 He entered Harvard, where he studied literature, history, American politics, and government. He also wrote for "The Crimson" and became editor of the magazine in his senior year. 1904-Having completed his studies at Harvard, he enrolled in the Columbia University School of Law, which he attended until 1907.

1905 On March 17, Roosevelt married Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, his fifth cousin and niece of former President Theodore Roosevelt. They had five children.