Estar em pernas, to be bare legged, without stockings. Estar em camisa, to have only the shirt on the back. Consiste em fallar bem, it consists in speaking well.

When it is found before a gerund, it signifies as soon as: as, em acabando iréi, as soon as I have done, I will go; em acabando foi, as soon as he had done, he went; disse que em acabando se iria, he said that as soon as he should have done, he would go away.

Nos nossos tempos, now a day.

Está em miserável estádo, and not no miserável, he is in a wretched condition.

No miserável estádo em que elle está, in the wretched condition wherein he is.

You may observe in this last example, and the like that you ought to make use of em before que, and not of no, na, &c. which are to be placed only before qual; therefore, you must not say, no miseravel estado no que elle está; but you may say, no miseravel estado no qual elle está.

Nos irémos em coche, we shall go in a coach. Vos ireis na cadeirinha, e nos no coche, you shall go in the chair, and we in the coach; i. e. in a specified chair and coach.

Eu deixei o meu chapéo no coche, I left my hat in the coach.

No veráō, em o veráō, de veráō, no inverno, de inverno, &c. in summer and winter.

Em todo tempo, at all times.

Está em Londres, he is in London; no porto, in oporto: Em, or na Inglaterra, in England.

Em, and no, na, &c are construed with the names of kingdoms, and most commonly with names of provinces: as, no Alentejo, na Beira, in Alentejo, in Beira, &c.

Em, is sometimes rendered into English by into: as, Narcisso foi trans formado em flor, Narcissus was metamorphosed into a flower; and sometimes by to: as, de rua em rua, from street to street.

No, na, are sometimes rendered into English by against: as, dar có a cabeça na parede, to dash one's head against the wall.

Em, is used before the word travez: as, pôr se de mar em travez com alguem, to fall out together..

Vái em quatro meses que eu aquí cheguéi, it is now going on four months since I came hither.

Em before quanto, is rendered into English by while or whilst: as, em quanto vos fazeis aquillo, eu faréi isto, while you do that, I shall do this. But if there follows a noun of time, with an interrogation, then it is rendered by in how much, or many: as, em quánto témpo? in how much time.

Em quanto á mim, a ti, a elle, &c. are rendered into English by, for what concerns me, thee, him, &c.

Em sinal da sua amizade, as a token of his friendship; em premio, as a reward.

Em and dentro, have often the same signification: as, está na gaveta, or dentro da gavéta, it is in the drawer.

Em before the words favor, utilidade, consideraçao, razaō, and the like, signifies in behalf of, for the sake of, on account of, &c. as, em razaō das bellas acçóens que elle tem feito, in consideration of the great things he has performed.

Observe that they often make an elision of the last vowels o, a, of the preposition no, na, when there is a vowel in the beginning of the next word: as, n'agoa, instead of na agoa; they also cut off the e of the preposition em, and change the minton; as you may see in Camoens, canto II. stanza xxxii. n'algum porto, instead of em algum porto, to, or into some port.

Com.

Com signifies with; hir com álguêm, to go with one; com a ajúda de Deos, by God's help.

1. We have seen in the first part, that with me, is rendered by commigo; with thee, by contigo; with us, by comnosco; with you, by comvosco; with himself, or themselves, by comsigo.

2. You must observe that the last consonant m, is often cut off, even before the noun of number, hum, one; and they say cum, instead of com hum, as you may see in Camoens, canto II. stanza xxxvii.

3. When com is preceded by para, it signifies towards; and sometimes over: as, sejamos piadosos, or piedosos para com os póbres, let us be merciful towards the poor;

ter grande poder para com alguém, to have a great influence over somebody's mind.

4. Com capa, signifies under color, or pretext.

5. Most of the adverbs are formed of the adjectives: as, atrevidamente, boldly; elegantemente, elegantly, and may be turned in Portuguese by the preposition com, and the substantive: as, com atrevimento, with boldness; com elegancia, with elegance, &c.

Para.

1. Para, for, to, when it is found before the infinitive, denotes the intention or purpose in doing something: as, este livro he para meu irmáō, this book is for my brother; esta penna he para escrever, this pen is to write; Deos nos fez para amálo, God made us for to love him; o comer he necessario para conservar a vida, eating is necessary for preserving life.

2. Para serves likewise before the verbs, to denote what one is able to do in consequence of his present disposition: as, elle he bastantemente forte para undár a cavallo, he is strong enough to ride; e tem hastante cabedal para substentar se, he has means enough to maintain himself; a oc'casioō te muito favorável para nos não servir-mos délla, the occasion is too favorable to let it slip; elle he homem para isto, he is the proper man wanted for this; he homem para pouco, he is good for little; he homem para náda, he is good for nothing; trabalho para o bem público, I work for the public good.

3. Para is also a preposition of time: as, isto me basta para todo o anno, this is sufficient to me for the whole year; estao unidos para sempre, they are united for ever; para dous meses era muito pouco, for two months it was two little.

4. Para is sometimes preceded by the adverb lá, and followed by a noun of time, and then it is Englished by against or towards: as, lá para o fim da semána, against the end of the week, or towards.

5. Para is sometimes Englished by considering, or with respect to: as, este menino está muito adiantado, para a idáce que tem, or para o pouco tempo que aprende, this child is very forward for his age, or considering the time he

has learned; para Inglez falla demasiadamente, he talks too much, considering that he is an Englishman.

6. Para sometimes signifies just, or ready to: as, elle está para parter, he is just going away, or ready to go.

Elle náō he para graças, he takes no jest, or he is in an ill humor.

Para onde? signifies whither? to what place?

Para que? or para que fim, signifies to what end or purpose?

Pura cima, upwards; para huma e outra parte, to both sides, places or parts; para o oriente, towards, or to the east; par onde quer que, whither, or to what place thou wilt, any whither; para outra parte, towards another place; para comigo, towards me; para o diante, for the time to come; para mim, for what concerns me; para detraz, backwards; Camoens, canto II. stanza xxiv.

7. Para between two nouns of number, is Englished by between, or about: as, hum homem de quarenta para cincoenta annos, a man between forty and fifty; dista quatro para cinco légóas, it is about four or five leagues distant.

Por.

1. Por, pélla, péllo, péllos, péllas, signify for, or by; as, por amor de vos, for your sake; palávra, por palavra, word for word; alcancei-o por empénho, I obtained it by protec

tion.

2 Por also signifies through, over: as, eu vou, or passéio pellos campos, I walked through the fields; por todo oreino, all over the kingdom.

3. Por before an infinitive, has various significations; sometimes it denotes that the thing is not yet done: as, esta obra está por acabar, the work is not yet finished; sometimes it signifies because, or for being, doing; por ser ella devóta, because she is a religious woman; sometimes it signifies though, although: as, por ser pobre, náo déixa de ser soberba, though she has no fortune, she is nevertheless, for all that, proud; por ser pobre nem porisso déixa, &c.

4. Por, followed by an adjective and que, with a verb in the subjunctive, is rendered into English by ever so: as, por grande que elle seja, let him be ever so great; por pôuco que, seja, ever so little.

5. Por before ménos, signifies less or under; as, vmæ ráō éterá por ménos de vinte libras, you shall not have it under twenty pounds.

6. Por before quanto, with an interrogation, signifies how much, at what rate.

7. Náō ó faria por quanto me dêssem, I would not do it for ever so much.

8. Por before cima, upwards; and before baxo, downwards: as, o remedio obra por cima e por báxo, the medicine operates, or works upwards and downwards; por diante, before; por detraz, behind.

9. Por before muito pouco. bem, &c. and followed by que, makes a sort of conjunction governing the subjunctive: as por pouco que erreis, if you do amiss ever so little; por bem que eu faça, if I do ever so well. See No. 4.

10. Por mim, as for me, or for my part: as, por mím estou prompto, as for me, or for my part I am ready.

Several examples of por, péllo, pélla, &e.

A Asia foi conquistada por Alexandre, Asia was conquered by Alexander.

Vos falláis nisso so por enveja, it is only out of envy you speak of it.

Elle entróu pélla porta, mas sahio pella janella, he got in by or at the door, but he got out by or at the window. Por onde iréis vos? which way shall you go?

Eu passarei por França, I'H go through France; por onde passóu elle? which way did he go?

Elle déu tanto por cabeça, he gave so much a head.

Tanto por soldado, por anno, por mes, por semana, &c. so much a soldier, a year, a month, a week, &c. a razáō de vinte por cento, at the rate of twenty per cent; elle péde tanto por légōa, he asks so much a league, or every league.

Casa por casa, antes quéro esta que aquilla. since I must have one of these two houses, I like this better than that; morrer por morrer, melhor he morrer combatendo que fugindo, since a man must die, it is better to die in fighting than in running away.

Péllo méyo dos campes, through the fields; alcançou o seu,