CHAPTER V.

OF THE SYNTAX OF VERBS.

1. After substantive verbs: as, ser, estar, the impersonal haver, there be; neuter verbs, as andar, dormir, morir, &c. the nouns either substantive or adjective, are put in the nominative case, and adjectives agree in number and gender with the nominative of the verb: as, ellas saō amadas, ha muito ouro no Mexico, vmce vai errado, you go on wrong; os pobres dormem descançados, the poor sleep without care; todos desejao ser ricos, every body wishes to be rich; antes quizera ser douto que parece-lo, I had rather be learned than accounted so.

2. When the noun before the verb is collective, the verb is put in the singular and not in the plural: as, a gente está quieta, the people are at rest.

3. Some verbs require the genitive after them; as the verb ser, when it signifies property: as, ésta casa he de méu páy, this house belongs to my father.

Verbs signifying grief, compassion, want, remembrance, forgetting; reciprocal verbs of jeering, boasting, &c. as, pésame muito da morte de seu irmaō, I am very sorry for the death of your brother; lémbre se do que me disse, remember what you said to me; compadecime das súas desgraças, I pitied him for his misfortunes; esqueci-me de tudo isto, all this I forgot; jacta-se, glória-se, picase do seu nacimento, he boasts of his birth; envergonha se da sua conducta, he is ashamed of his conduct.

4. Verbs of giving, of profit, or damage, and many others, especially neuter and impersonal verbs, require the dative after them: as, dar, mandar, obedecer, satisfazer, assistir, ajudar, soccorrer, acontecer, succeder, importar, pertencèr, as o governador mandou a todos os moradores que se retirassem para suas casas, the governor ordered all the inhabitants to retire into their houses; assistir ao officio divino, to assist at divine service; a mim me succedeo, it happened to me; a elle lhe convem, it suits him; a elie naō lhe importa,

it does not concern him; escrevéi o que digo a vósso irmaō, write to your brother what I do say; jogar ás cartas, to play at cards, &c.

5. All the active verbs govern the accusative, which must be preceded by the preposition a, when it is a noun of person: as, amo a virtude, I love virtue; amo a Deos, I love God.

For the same reason an active verb governs a following verb in the infinitive, which as a verbal noun is in the accusative: as, quer vmce aprender á fallar portuguez? will you learn to speak Portuguese?

Verbs of motion to a place govern the accusative, preceded by the preposition a, or para: as, vóu a Paris, I go to Paris; vou para casa, I go home.

But if the verbs of motion be followed by an infinitive, this infinitive is not preceded in Portuguese by the preposition a, as it is in Spanish: as, vou jogar, I go to play.

Verbs denoting obligation, govern the following infinitive with the preposition a: as, eu o obrigaréi a pagar, a fazer isto, &c. I will oblige him to pay, &c. after the verb substantive ser, to be; para is made use of as well as a: as, penna he para escrever, this pen is to write with; elle foi o primeiro a fugir, he was the first to run away; para is also used after the verb estar: as, estou para sahir, I am about going out.

esta

6. Verbs of motion from a place govern the ablative, with the preposition de: as, venho do campo, I come from the country; if the motion is through a place, the preposition required is por: as, passarei por Londres, I will come by the way of London.

Verbs signifying receiving, taking from, &c. govern the ablative with the preposition de: as, tenho recebido delle, ouro e prata, I have received from him gold and silver; verbs of distance govern the same: as; Madeira dista de Marrocos 320 milhas, Madeira lies 320 miles from Morocco.

After verbs of price, the preposition por, is made use of: as, vende se, or compra se por tanto, it is sold, or bought for so much money.

Passive verbs require after them, an ablative preceded by the preposition por: as, os doutos sao envejados, pellos ignorantes, the learned are envied by the ignorant.

Verbs of valuing, govern the ablative with the preposition

em, or a: as, taxaraō o livro em hum cruzado, e cada folha do livro a dous vintens, they rated or valued the book at a cruzado, and each page of it at a vintin.

The passive verb is also made in Portuguese, by adding the pronoun se to the third person singular: as, amase ă Deos, God is loved.

Passive verbs are also followed by the preposition de, instead of por: as, elle foi amado do póvo, he was loved by the people.

Some neuter verbs are made active, and govern the accutive: as, tocar, to play; elle toca muito bem a flauta, he plays very well on the flute; dormir, to sleep; of dormir o sóno muito pezado, to sleep loudly; viver, to live: as, viver huma longa, or comprida vida, to live long.

After verbs, the Portuguese express yes and no by que sim, and que nað, ex: creyo que sim, I believe yes; creyo que naō, I believe not; digo que sim, I say yes; cuido que naō, I think not; aposto que sim, I lay yes; quereis apostar que nao? have you a mind to lay not?

Por se á, signifies to begin: as, pór se a chorar, to begin to cry.

Of the use and construction of the tenses.

Though we have already explained in the first part the use of the tenses, we must, however, take notice of some difference that exist between the Portuguese and English languages.

1. The infinitive of Portuguese verbs, has no analogy with the infinitives of any other language; for in any other language, the infinitive has neither persons nor numbers as it has in Portuguese. See the conjugations of the personal infinitive.

Por amar eu, por amares tu, por amar elle, por amarmos nos, por amardes vos, por amarem elles, because I love, thou lovest, he loves, &c. por ter eu amado, por teres tu amado, por ter elle amado, por termos nos amado, por terdes vos amado, por terem elles amado, because I have loved, &c. or on account of my loving, &c. of my having loved, &c.

2. The English student must be very much on his guard not to mistake the imperfect of the indicative for the perfect, for in English it is almost the same to say I loved, for

eu amava, and I loved for eu amei. The best method for an English student, is to translate eu amava, by I was loving: as, eu fallaba quando vmce entróu, I was speaking when you entered, or came in; or I was wonted to do; for the imperfect in Portuguese either means an action which was doing at the same time that another was done, or an action which was accustomed to be done.

3. We must take a particular notice of the pluperfect simple of the indicative; amára, deffendéra, applaudera, exactly like one of the preterimperfects of the conjunctive; I had loved, defended, applauded.

4. We must also take notice of a future of the indicative, which is simple in the meaning, though it seems to be a compound: as, dar-lhe hei, I will give him; agastar se ha, he will be angry.

5. The student must remark that the future conditional: as, amaria, deffenderia, &c. which is formed from the future simple, amaréi, deffenderei, by changing ei of the future into ia: as, amaréi, amaria, &c. is not to be confounded with the imperfect of the subjunctive, amára, amasse, as it is in Lobato's grammar and others, except Duram, for it has no conjunction before it, as the imperfect of the subjunctive, which supposes before it; que, se com tal que, &c. for we say; eu amaría, I would love.

6. It is also to be observed, that the present tense of the subjunctive or conjunctive mood, must be always preceded by some conjunction, except se if, for we never say, se eu tenha, ame, &c. if I have, love, &c. but se eu tenho, or tiver, if I have, or shall have.

7. When we find the conjunction if se, before the imperfect indicative: as, if I had, we must generally use the imperfect of the subjunctive: as, se eu tivesse, or tivera, if I could; se eu pudera, or pudesse.

But there are some exceptions to this rule, which will be learned by the reading of Portuguese books or by use: as, disse-lhe que se queria, he told him that if he was willing; for se quizera, or quizesse.

8. After the conjunction que, we always use the subjunctive: as, quizera que domingo fizesse bom tempo, I wish it would be fine weather on Sunday; eu nao a quizera, ainda que tivesse milhoēns de seu, though she was worth several millions, I would not have her; ainda que elle con

sentiesse nisso, nao se podia fazer, though he would consent to it, that could not be done; quando isto fosse, though that should be.

9. The Portuguese use the future tense of the subjunctive after the conjunction, se, quando, logo que, sempre que, &c. if, when, as soon as, whenever, &c. when they speak of a future action, although the English use the present indicative: as, to-morrow, if I have time; amanhãa se tiver tempo, as soon as he comes; logo que elle viér, &c.

10. A conjunction between two verbs, require the last to be of the same number, person, and tense, as the first: as, the king wills and commands, el rey quer é ordena; I see and know, eu vejo e conheço.

11. Sometimes the present is made use of, instead of the preter definite in narrations: as, no mesmo tempo que hía andando, o encontra, o despe o ata a huma árvore, as he was going, he meets him, strips him, and ties him to a tree

12. When the Portuguese use the infinitive with the persons, they make it agree with its nominative in number and person: as, elles forao enforcados por furtarem, they were hanged for robbing; para serem enformados, that, to the end that they may be informed; para poderem dizer, that they may be able to say; por fallardes vos, because you have spoken; para fallarmos, that, to the end that we may speak, or in order to speak.

OF MOODS.

All the tenses of the indicative mood, may be employed without any conjunction before them; but they admit also of some: as, quando, when; que, that; when it is declarative, and se with some restriction. Because this conjunction is seldom used before the future tense, and then it is governed by a verb signifying doubt, ignorance, interrogation: as, nao sei se hao de vir, I do not know if they shall come; estou em dúvida se os inimigos passaráð o rio, I doubt if the enemies will pass the river; naō pergunto se partirá, I do not ask if he will set out.

1. The optative or subjunctive mood in Portuguese, has always some sign or conjunction annexed to it: as, oxalá! prouvera a Deos! o se! would to God! I pray God! God grant! que, para que, ainda que, com tanto que, com isto que,