PART II.

SYNTAX.

CHAPTER I.

OF THE ORDER OF WORDS.

1. The nominative either a noun or pronoun, is generally placed before the verb: as, Francisco escreve, eu fallo, Francis writes, I speak.

2. The adjectives are put after the substantive: as, os es tudantes morigerados é diligentes estudaō, the obedient and diligent scholars study.

3. The article is always before the noun.

4. Sometimes an infinitive is put for a noun, and stands as a nominative; o dormir faz bem, sleeping does one good; and sometimes it is put after the verb: as, he acto de humanidade ter compaixão dos afflictos, for ter compaixão, he acto, to have compassion on the afflicted, is an act of humanity. 5. The nominative is sometimes understood: as, amo, I love, &c.

6. The adverb is placed immediately after the verb: as Pedro ama por extremo a gloria, Peter is extremely, fond of glory.

7. The cases governed by the verb are put after it: as, eu amo á Pedro, I love Peter.

8. The preposition is always put before the case it go verns: as, perto de casa, near the house.

9. The relative is always placed after the antecedent: as, Pedro o qual estuda, Peter who studies.

II. Of Concordance.

1. Adjectives agree with their substantives, in gender and number: as, homem virtuoso. a virtuous man; bella molher, a handsome woman; sumptuosos palacios, &c. sumptuous palaces, &c.

2. When too or more substantives singular come together, the adjective belonging to them, must be put in the plural: as, tanto el rey como a rainha montados a cavallo parecem bem, both the king and the queen look well when they ride. 3. By the last example, we see that when the adjective belongs to two substantives of animate things, or of persons, it agrees in gender with the noblest.

4. If the substantives of inanimate things, happen to be one in the singular, and the other in the plural, or to be of different genders, the adjective common to both, agrees in number and gender with the last: as, elle tinha os olhos é a boca aberta, or elle tinha a boca e os olhos abertos, he had his eyes and his mouth opened; as lagoas e ríos estavaō congelados, the ponds and rivers were frozen.

5. But when there is one or many words between the last. noun and the adjective, that adjective (common to all) agrees with the noun masculine, though the last noun be feminine; and if the nouns are in the singular, then the adjective common shall be put in the plural number, and masculine gender: as, o trabalho, a industria, é a fortuna unidos, pains, industry, and fortune joined together.

6. Every verb personal agrees with its nominative, expressed or understood, both in number and person, and with the noblest person: as, Antonio e eu fallabamos.

7. The relative qual with the article, agrees entirely with the antecedent; but without the article, and denoting an absolute quality, it agrees with what follows: as, aqueile coraçao o qual, &c. that heart which, &c. considerando quaes seriao as condiçõens, considering which would be the conditions.

8. The question and answer, always agrees in every

thing: as, a que senhora pertence vmce? a rainha, to what lady do you belong? to the queen.

III. Of the dependance of the parts of speech on one ano

ther.

The verb depends on the nominative, and agrees with it in number and persons.

The genitive depends on a substantive expressed or understood, and is preceded by the preposition do, da, &c.

The dative depends on verbs or adjectives expressing some profit or damage, some advantage or disadvantage, and is preceded by the preposition a, ao, á.

The accusative depends either on a verb active, or a preposition, and is preceded by the preposition a, or para, after an active verb, if it be a noun of reasonable beings.

The ablative depends on a preposition, and a participle of the passive voice either expressed or understood: as, parto de Roma, I go from Rome; amado por, loved by; feito de pedra, made out of stones, &c.

CHAPTER II.

OF THE SYNTAX OF ARTICLES.

1. Although in English the article is not used before nouns of substances; arts, sciences, plays, metals, virtues, and vices, yet it is required in Portuguese: as, o ouro é a prata nao podem fazer feliz ao homem, gold and silver cannot make the happiness of man; a virtude nao he compativel com o vicio, virtue cannot agree with vice; a philosophia he huma sciencia muito nobre, philosophy is a very noble science; joguémos ás cartas, let us play at cards.

2. Although we say in English, Charles the fifth, Henry

the fourth, &c. they say in Portuguese, Carlos quinto, Henrique quarto, Joseph segundo, &c.

3. They say in Portuguese, livro primeiro, capitulo segundo, book I. chap. ii. without the article; but they also say, o primeiro livro, when the adjective of number comes before the substantive.

4. The article is never made use of before proper names of men, women, gods, goddesses, saints, &c.

5. The article is used before the pronouns possessive, either absolute: as, o meu irmaō, or relative: as, esta he a sua, this is his, or her's or their's.

Yet we say without an article, esta casa he sua, this house belongs to him, her, them.

6. The noun of the measure, weight, and the number of things that are sold, bought, require the article: as, o trigo vend se tanto o alquéiré, wheat is sold so much a peck; a mantéiga vende se tanto o arratel, butter costs so much a pound; os ovos vendem se tanto a dúzia, eggs are sold so much a dozen.

7. No article is used with proper names of persons and planets, except, a terra, the earth; o sol, the sun; a lua, the

moon.

8. When proper names are used as appellative names, they take the article: as, o Deos dos christiáōs, the God of the christian; o Archimedes da Inglaterra, the Archimedes of England; we also say, o camoéns, o tasso, o ticiano, &c. as we say, o Mexico, o Potosí, because the article makes a part of the proper names.

9. Nouns are used without an article, in the following

cases:

1. At the title of a performance, speech, &c. in which case the English use especially the particle a: as, discurso sobre as obrigaçõens da religion natural, a discourse concerning the obligation of natural religion; primeira parte, part the first,

2. In sentences of exclamation: as, as máis bellas flores sao as que ménos duraō; qualquer chúva as desmaia, o vento as murcha, o sol as queima, e acaba de secar; sem fallar núma infinidade de insectos que as perseguem e deitaō a perder; natural e verdadeira imagem da belleza das senhoras! a na tural and true image of the ladies beauty!

3. When they meet with a noun of number in an indefi

nite sense: as, mil soldados de cavallo, contra cem infantes, a thousand horse, against a hundred foot; tenho lido dous poetas, I have read two poets.

But before a noun of number in a definite sense, it would take the article: as, tenho lido os dous poetas, I have read both poets; os cem infantes que combaterao contra os mil de caballo, the hundred that fought against, or with the thousand horse.

We say, he will become a doctor in time, and the Portuguese, elle sera doutor com o tempo, we say, he passes for a sailor; and they say, elle passa por marinheiro.

4. When the adjective is used substantively, then it must have the neuter article o before it: as, o verde offende ménos a vista que o vermelho, green hurts the eye less than red.

There are also some adverbs in the superlative degree, preceded by the article o in Portuguese, as they are by the article the in English: as, o melhor que eu puder, the best I will be able; o menos que for possivel, the less it will be

sible.

pos

5. Articles are repeated in Portuguese, before as many nouns (requiring the article) as there are in the sentence: as, o ouro, a prata, a sáude, as honras e os deleites naō podem fazer feliz ao homem que nō tem sciencia nom_virtude, gold, silver, health, honors, and pleasures cannot, &c.

6. The article o, a, are put before the words senhor, senhora, signifying my lord, my lady: as, o senhor presidente, my lord the president; a senhora duquesa, condessa, &c. my lady duchess, countess, &c.

7. We say in English, the more, the less; but the Portuguese say without an article; quanto mais vivemos, tanto mais a prendemos, the longer we live, the more we learn; quanto menos hum homem es rico, tanto menos cuidados tem, the less rich people are, the less care they have.

8. The Portuguese make use of the article o before infinitives, as we use the particle to: as, o dizer, o fazer, o ver, to say, to do, to see.