from English C.; the deaths from Diarrhea are shown separately. The reason for their being included here is abundantly shown in the preceding art. TABLE SHOWING THE MORT. BY, CHOLERA AND DIARRHOEA IN England AND IN London, FROM THE YEAR 1838 DOWNWARDS. Cholera. Diarrhoea. Cholera. Diarrhoea. Cholera. Diarrhoea. Cholera. Diarrhoea. [We do not calculate the ratios of deaths to pop. in these later years, because the pop. has to be adjusted in the light of the census of 1871.] The following additional Tables will be found valuable for future reference : TABLE SHOWING THE DEATHS FROM CHOLERA AND DIARRHOEA IN London AND IN EACH DIVISION OF England DURING THE YEARS 1849, 1854, AND 1866. CHOLERA. DIARRHOEA. Divisions, etc. Pop., 1861. London..... South-Western Counties 1,835,714 879 961 4564 338 1849. 1854. 1866. 1849. 1854. 1866. 2,803,989 14,137 10,738 5596 3899 1,847,661 3209 1581 865 1469 1,295,515 1517 1229 1,142,562 3147 3147 1600 956 III 913 1240 699 501 774 892 West-Midland Counties 2,436,568 5174 892 1,288,928 584 2,935,540 8836 Northern Counties 2,015,541 6346 Monmouth and Wales... 1,312,834 4573 939 2493 629 516 561 England and Wales... 20,066,224 53,293 20,097 14,378 18,887 20,052 17,190 247 83 764 967 772 2991 4518 1964 789 824 1135 TABLE SHOWING DEATHS IN Lond. AND EACH DISTRICT TO 10,000 PERSONS LIVING. TABLE SHOWING THE DEATHS AND RATE OF MORT. FROM CHOLERA AND DIARRHOEA IN 1849, 1854, AND 1866, oF MALES And Females at Different AGES. All Ages... 1849. 1854. 1866. 1849. 1854. 1866. 1849. 1854. 1866. 1849. 1854. 1866. 26,108 9860 6995 27,185 10,237 7383 9637 10,211 8840 9250 9841 9330 1849. 1854. 1866. 1849. 1854. 1866. 1849. 1854. 1866. 1849. 1854. 1866. 45 46'7 14'9 9'4 2'5 1.8 1.8 2'7 2'0 55 65 60'4 19'6 12'0 10'9 75 .6 2'1 1'5 ΙΟ 3°2 49'5 14'9 9'1 95 and upwards.. 31'1 [We have endeavoured in this and the preceding art. to deal exhaustively with the subject of C., and for this reason-it is the only element menacing the stability of life ins. offices with which careful management cannot combat. We believe the reader will be led to the conclusion, after a careful perusal of the preceding details, drawn from all avail. able quarters, that C. is now nearly as much under human control as any of the maladies which afflict humanity; and if that be so, L. offices can best consult their own safety by aiding the advancement of enlightened legislation and practice in relation thereto.] CHOLERA, ENGLISH (Gastro-enteritis mucosa).—A milder form of the malady than that usually spoken of as Asiatic or Epidemic C. The English or European form of C. is accompanied by bile; the Indian is without bile or urine.-Hoblyn. It is supposed to have been this variety which was noticed by Sydenham in 1669. Dr. Guy speaks of it as having paid our Lond. ancestors visits of five or six weeks in the months of Aug. and Sept. during the 17th century. It is set down by our Reg.-Gen. simply as "C." It appears to be especially aggravated by the circumstances attending an epidemic of Asiatic C. In 1847 the deaths were 52; in 1848 (marking the beginning of an epidemic), 292; in 1849 (C. epidemic), they rose to 6209; and in the following year fell to 55. The preceding returns embrace all the deaths from it in England. CHOLERA FLUX.-See CHOLRINE. CHOLERA INFANTUM.-A form of disease which has long been prevalent in American cities. It prevailed in Lond. in the summer of 1846. [CHOLERA, ASIATIC.] CHOLERA MALIGNA.-An epidemic malady due to an atmospheric poison, but communicable by infection, characterized by symptoms of collapse allied to asphyxia, and by profuse vomiting and purging. Cholerine is a term applied to the milder form of the disease. Cholera asphyxia is a term used to characterize the state of collapse in fatal cases. CHOLERAIC DIARRHEA.-A cause of death frequently returned to the registrars during the C. epidemics in Gt. Brit. [See CHOLERA, 1849.] CHOLRINE.-A material substance, analogous in its nature to the substances which produce, under given circumstances, smallpox, cowpox, syphilis, and erysipelas; and by means of which C. epidemic is diffused. It has been called Cholerine; but Dr. Farr proposed in 1868, with a view to avoid ambiguity, to write it Cholrine. It is very frequently spoken of as the Cholera Flux. Dr. Snow advanced the view in 1849 [CHOLERA, ASIATIC] that the evacuations containing this matter, distributed by contact, or through water, were the sole means of propagating C. Dr. Richardson contends that the C. matter is an "alkaloidal organic poison, which, soluble in water, but admitting of deposit on desiccation, passes easily from one person to another," under the agency of certain peculiar physical states. Dr. Farr has remarked that it may appear at first sight impossible that the C. flux of one or more patients should produce any effects in the waters of a river like the Thames. But living molecules, endowed with the powers of endless multiplication, are inconceivably minute, and may be counted by millions in a drop of water. Again : The infection power of cholera liquid is essentially transitory; it is developed in given circumstances in its intenser form, and in a community as well as in an individual-in India as well as in England-it grows as well as declines by a law of its own; it is epidemic only for a time, and by periods of years. It has its seed-time and its harvest in each locality; and the air or the water which on one day is poisonous may a few days after be harmless. There is an essential difference between zymotic venom and a metallic poison like arsenic. In its weakest form Cholrine produces diarrhoea in a great number of persons; but in every pop. a large number of people appear to resist its influence. They are insusceptible. The cases of attacks of the same person twice in this as in some other zymotic diseases are rare.-Report on Cholera Epidemic, pub. 1868. CHOREA SANCTI VITI (from the Greek, dancing, hence called skelotyrbe; St. Vitus's Dance). Functional derangements of the motor nerves, resulting in irregular jerking movements, more or less interfering with the voluntary actions. CHOREA, DEATHS FROM (Class, LOCAL; Order, Diseases of Nervous System).—The deaths from this cause are very few in England, and show some fluctuations. In ten consecutive years they were as follows:-In 1858, 53; 1859, 55; 1860, 66; 1861, 71; 1862, 52; 1863, 63; 1864, 73; 1865, 88; 1866, 63; 1867, 50. Over a period of 15 years ending 1864 they averaged rather over 3 to each million of the pop. living. The deaths of 1867 were 21 males and 29 females, spread over the ages of youth and the later middle age. CHOSE IN ACTION [otherwise called Chose in Suspense].-A thing of which the man has not the possession or actual enjoyment, but only a right to recover, by action or other proceeding at law. A well-known rule of the Common Law is that no possibility, right, title, or thing in action can be granted to third parties; for it was thought that a different rule would be the occasion of multiplying litigation-it would in effect be transferring a lawsuit to a mere stranger.-Wharton. A sum insured under a pol. to be paid only on the happening of a particular event was regarded by the Common Law therefore as being incapable of assignment; and this, too, even although the sum ins. is made payable to the executors, administrators, or "assigns " of the ins. The Statute Law has now remedied this, as we have already shown. [ASSIGNMENT OF POL., Life.] CHRISOMES.-One of the regular entries in the early Bills of Mort. was "Chrisomes and Infants," thus substituting the age of the deceased for the disease. word, signifying an ointment used as an holy unguent to anoint the cloth which infants wore until they were christened-usually at the end of the month. If the child died within that period, it was called a Chrisome. The priests of the Greek and Romish Churches attached importance to this rite. Graunt observes that as the number of deaths put down to this head decreased, the number set down to convulsions increased. By 1726 the designation had disappeared from the Bills. Chrism is a Greek CHRISTENING INS.-During the reign of Queen Anne-that is, in the early part of the last century-a strange mania sprang up in favour of ins. projects of every conceivable variety. Amongst them ins. offices of this class, which, however, appear to have sprung out of BIRTH INS., then very prevalent. The first we meet with is the Baptismal Office of Assu., the announcement of which furnishes the following outline of the nature of the bus. Every subs. was to pay 2s. 6d. towards each infant baptized until he had one of his own, when he was to receive £200, "the interest of which is sufficient to give a child a good education; and the principal reserved until he comes to maturity." Various similar schemes followed, of which we shall proceed to give a chronological outline. We may fairly assume that many more such projects existed than at this remote period we are able to trace. The Profitable So., at the Wheatsheaf, by Tom's Coffee House, issued in Nov., 1710, the following: £250 to be paid on the Baptizing a Child, being a new proposal by the Profitable So.; which, by only paying 2s. 6d. for a pol., and 2s. 6d. towards each claim, entitles you to the sum above mentioned. There is also a second so, where, paying only Is. contribution, you receive £100. About the 28th of the same month the Union So. (No. 3), was opened at the Corner of Rupert St., near Upper End of Haymarket, being a new office on Baptism." No details given. On the following day another Baptism office was opened, at the Hand and Pen, Earl Court, St. Giles. Pol., 2s. 6d. ; contribution, 2s. 6d. each infant; claim, £250. On the 4th Dec. there was opened at the Widow Pratt's Coffee House, Cateaton St., A Faithful Office for Ins. of Baptisms. Terms, 5s., 5s. and £500. And shortly afterwards another: half-terms and half-benefits. During this month of Dec. there was issued the following remarkable advertisement: At the several offices for ins. on marriages hereunder named are now also opened for paying 250/. in the first, 100/. in the second, say on the Baptizing children, or as to such of Her Majesty's Protestant subjects who do not baptize their children, on proof to be made that the child was alive three days after the birth thereof. The conditions for the 250%. are that each subscriber pay 2s. 6d. for each pol., and 2s. 6d. to each claim for the 100l. Every subscriber to pay 25. for a pol. and 1s. to every claim. The number of subscribers to be 2100 in each office. Proposals at large may be had at Mr. Clement, "Wheat Sheaf," by Tom's; Mr. Simson, "Golden Lyon," Drury-lane; Mr. Baker, "Bourns Coffee House;" Mr. Morse, "Hargreaves Coffee House;" Mr. Edwards, "King's Head Court, Petticoatlane;" Mr. Blackmore, "Black Swan," Shoreditch. On 6th Feb., 1711, it was announced by Profitable So., at Wheatsheaf, that the trustees appoint "all pol. for claims on Baptizing Children to be henceforth made out for 3 kal. months; all for dividends for 2 kal. months. . . . . Entered already in the said societies, 1835.' Early in March, 1711, was passed the 9 Anne, c. 6, sec. 57 of which imposed a fine of £500 on every person erecting or setting up any office of this character in future. The enterprise consequently died out, and has since remained a matter of history only. [GAMBLING INS.] CHRISTENINGS.-Before the General Registration Act came into working operation in 1836, the system of regis. of births, although enjoined by the Canons of the Church, and also by the Statute Law as early as 1695 [BIRTHS, REGIS. OF], had become very lax; and indeed the regis. of the christening was regarded much the same as the regis. of the birth, although we now realize the fact that the two things are very different. Baptism, when it ceased to be immediate upon birth, as enjoined according to the rites of the Romish Church, could no longer be certain. The infants who died within the first month after birth-till which period baptism was generally delayed by the practice of the Protestant Church-never got into the returns of christenings at all; while several sects of Dissenters discarded baptism altogether. When it first became the practice to enter the christenings in the B. of Mort. does not appear. They are not entered in the Lond. Bill we have given for 1563; but they are in that for 1582. [BILLS OF MORT.] So that this last date may perhaps be regarded as about the orig. of the practice. The number of christenings recorded became, and remained until early in the present century, an important element in estimating the pop., and also in predicting its increase or decrease. But, as we have elsewhere shown [CENSUS], the test was a fallacious one. The first writer who used the returns of christenings in relation to pop. estimates was Graunt. He soon found how imperfect they were for the purpose; and he hit upon the cause of their imperfection with marvellous sagacity. Here is what he says in his Ñatural and Political Obs., 1661: For that there hath been a neglect in the accounts of the christenings is most certain, because until the year 1642 we find the burials but equal with the christenings, or near thereabouts; but in 1648, when the differences in religion had changed the Government, the christenings were but two-thirds of the burials. And in the year 1659 not half, viz., the burials were 14,720 (of the plague but 36), and the christenings were but 5670; which great disproportion could be from no other cause than that above mentioned; forasmuch as the same grew as the confusions and changes grew. He then follows up a train of statistical reasoning, and states his conclusions thus :"Wherefore I conceive that the true number of the christenings, anno 1659, is above double to the 5670 set down in our bills,—that is, about 11,500; and then the christenings will come near the same proportion to the burials, as hath been observed in former times." He then enlarges upon the subject as follows: The decrease and increase of people is to be reckoned chiefly by christenings, because few bear children in Lond. but inhabitants, though others die there. The accounts of christenings were well kept until differences in religion occasioned some neglect therein, although even these neglects we must confess to have been regular and proportionable. By the numbers and proportions of christenings, therefore, we observe as followeth, viz. :-First, that when from Dec., 1602, to March following, there was little or no plague, then the christenings at a medium were between 110 and 130 per week; few weeks being above the one or below the other; but when from thence to July the plague increased, that then the christenings decreased to under 90. Secondly, the question is whether teeming women died, or fled, or miscarried? The latter at this time seems most probable, because even in the said space between March and July there died not above 20 per week of the plague; which small number could neither cause the death or fright of so many women, as to alter the proportion one-fourth part lower. Moreover, we observe from the 21st July to the 12th Oct. the plague increasing, reduced the christenings to 70 at a medium, diminishing the above proportion down to two-fifths. Now the cause of this must be flying and death, as well as miscarriages and abortions; for there died within that time about 25,000, whereof many were certainly women with child; besides, the fright of so many dying within so smalĺ a time might drive away so many others as to cause this effect. Under POPULATION we shall have occasion to review many other such estimates. CHRISTIAN ALLIANCE LIFE.-This Co. was projected in 1847, and regis. ; but no further steps were taken. CHRISTIAN ALLIANCE MUT. LIFE Assu. So.-An asso. under this title was prov. regis. under the Joint-Stock Cos. Regis. Act in 1846, but it did not proceed further. CHRISTIAN MUTUAL PROVIDENT LIFE AND SICKNESS SO., founded in 1846, and enrolled in 1847, under the F. Sos. Acts. The purpose of the So. is to supersede the numerous local and limited F. sos. which formerly sprung up in such numbers in Lond. and in the provinces. On this point the prosp. says: By a general inst. we mean an inst. with head-quarters in Lond., and branches widely disseminating throughout the country. Mr. Neison considers that to make a F. so. permanently secure, a continued succession of young members is essential; and as these cannot be insured with certainty in any one place, it is important to ally various places together. Such an arrangement has moreover other material recommendations. Members of F.sos. are often seriously inconvenienced when circumstances compel them to remove from one place to another, by having either to relinquish their benefit club altogether, or to remain connected with it at a great distance, which, should sickness happen to them, will entail serious disadvantage. As with L. assu. sos., so with F. sos., the members should be altogether unrestricted as to their right to reside wherever their general interests may recommend; in fact, their club should be wherever they require it. The So.-the business of which embraces sickness ins., annu., life ins., and endow.has Mr. Samuel Morley, M. P., for its Treasurer. Amongst its Trustees is Mr. John Crossley, of Halifax. The Chairman for many years was the late Rev. J. B. Owen. Mr. Neison was formerly Consulting Act. Mr. A. G. Finlaison now occupies that position. Mr. Burls has been Sec. from the commencement. Its progress has been very rapid and satisfactory. Commencing with 30 members, and with a sum of £16 135. 4d. in cash, it had up to 1869 enrolled 25,679 members; while its funds then stood at over £77,000 invested. It had at that date paid £141,354 in claims made up as follows:-Allowance during sickness, £33,294; paid annuities, £608; under life pol., £31,312; as endowments, £76,138. It has declared several bonuses, not only on the life, but on the sickness departments. There is prob. no more useful an asso. in existence at the present moment. In 1858 it changed its name to the Mutual Provident Alliance, under which head we shall notice its later progress. [FRIENDLY SOS.] [SICKNESS.] CHRISTIAN UNION MUTUAL.-A scheme under this title was regis. in 1849, the object of which (inter alia) was to provide a fund for aged ministers. CHRISTIANIA, the capital of Norway, built in 1624 by Christian IV. of Denmark, to replace Opslo (the ancient capital, founded 1058), which had been destroyed by fire. On 13th April, 1858, the city suffered again severely by fire, the loss being estimated at about £250,000, a good deal of which fell upon the Brit. fire offices. Dr. Price had his attention called to Norway on account of the remarkable longevity of its inhabitants. In the Annual Register for 1761 there appeared the following statement :-"In 1761 the burials in the district of Christiania amounted to 6920, and the christenings to 11,014. Among those who died, 394-or 1 in 18-had lived to the age of 90; 63 to the age of 100; and 7 to the age of 101. [LONGEVITY.] CHRISTIE, ALEXANDER, was Man. of Bon Accord from its commencement, down to its amalg. CHRISTIE, CHARLES, Man. of Scottish Imperial in Edin. since 1866. He commenced his ins. career with the Home and Colonial, and on that co. relinquishing its L. bus., he accepted his present appointment. CHRISTIE, DAVID, Man. of Edin. Branch of Northern Ins. Co. since 1867. He was trained in the Sun F. Office, where, after many years' employment, he passed to the claim department, in which he obtained a large experience. He read before the Inst. of Act., in 1859, a paper, On the Settlement of Losses by Fire under Specific and Average Policies, separate and combined. The paper is printed in vol. viii. of Assu. Mag., and is referred to in various parts of this work. CHRISTIE, ROBERT (No. 1), was appointed Act. of the Universal L., on the estab. of that Co. in 1834, under the 12th clause of the D. of Sett. of the So., which is as follows: That there shall be an act. of the So., and that Robert Christie, of Cornhill, in the City of Lond., Esquire, shall be the first or present act.; and an act. shall be chosen ann. by the directors for the time being within 14 days after the second Wednesday in the month of May in every year; and the said Robert Christie, or any future act., may be elected to that office in each of the several successive years. And it shall be the bus. of the act. for the time being to furnish the directors with all necessary information and advice relating to assu., and with such rates, calculations, and other matters of computation as shall be required of him, and to keep the accounts of the So., and to prepare and issue |