words in the annexed Vocabulary have been extracted. For the perusal of this MS. the Editor is indebted to the Right Reverend Bishop Cheverus of Boston; who has also obligingly given his permission, that the Historical Society may make such further use of it as they shall think proper.

4. St. Francis Indians. These are a Canadian tribe. The latest account we have of the remnant of them, which still resides in Canada, is in the "Report of the Select Committee of the Society for propagating the Gospel among the Indians and others in North America," dated the 29th of October, 1821. They are there described as "the Abanaquis, or St. Francis Indians, near the mouth of the St. Francis River, consisting of 65 families and 360 souls." Their Chief had his education, in part, at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. Two females of this tribe came from Canada to Boston in July, 1824, and were placed by the Society above-mentioned under the care of the Rev. Thomas Noyes of Needham near Boston.* From that gentleman, and from the Rev. Dr. Holmes, Secretary of the Society, the Editor has obtained several words of their dialect, from which he has selected those contained in the following Vocabulary. The words, as might be expected, will be found to correspond with the Abnaki from Father Rale.

5. Shawanese. An account of this nation will be found in Mr. Heckewelder's work. We are there informed, that General Gibson (who had a thorough knowledge of the Indians, and spoke several of their languages) thought their true name was Sawano; and that they are so called by the other Indian nations, from being a southern people. "Shawaneu (says Mr. H.) in the Lenape language means the south; shawanachau, the south wind." They formerly inhabited the southern country, Savannah in Georgia, and the Floridas, but were compelled by the neighbouring nations to leave that territory; when they settled on the Ohio. They call the Mahicanni their "elder brother," and the Delawares their "grandfather." Of that portion which remains in the state of Ohio, we have a particular account, drawn up by Mr. Johnston, in the first volume of the Archeologia Americana, before cited. That writer states, that the Shawanese have a tradition, that their ancestors crossed the sea; though the Indians in general believe, that they were created on this continent. He adds, however, that it is

* See the Report, pp. 41, 42; annexed to the Rev. Mr. Tuckerman's Discourse preached before the Society in 1821.

+ Historical Account, &c. pp. 29, 69.

*

somewhat doubtful, whether the yearly sacrifice, which they make for their safe arrival in this country, has any other reference than to their crossing some great river or arm of the sea.* A short vocabulary of their language is given by the same. writer, from whom one of the specimens in the following Vocabulary is taken; the other is from Dr. Edwards. "Their language," according to Mr. Hecke welder, "is more easily learned than that of the Lenape, and has a great affinity to the Mohican, Chippeway and other kindred languages. They generally place the accent on the last syllable."+

as

66

6. Chippeways or Chippewaus. Dr. Edwards speaks of this nation as being "at the westward of Lake Huron." They are dispersed in various other territories. Loskiel describes them a numerous nation, inhabiting the north coast of Lake Erie." He states their number to be (at the time he wrote) about fifteen thousand. Mr. Schermerhorn, in his Report to the Society for propagating the Gospel, describes them, under the names of Algonquins or Chippeways," as follows; "We now find them extending between the Straits of Detroit and Michigan Lake; on the south borders of Lake Superior; the heads of the Mississippi, Red River and Lake Winipie; up the Dauphine River and Sashashawin to Fort George; from thence with the course of Beaver River to Elk River, and with it to its discharge into the Lake of the Hills; from this, east to the isle à la Crosse and by the Mississippi to Churchill." || Probably several other tribes have been erroneously included with them by travellers, in consequence of the Chippeway dialect being a common language of intercourse among the northern Indians; agreeably to the observation of Prof. Vater respecting the Winnebago dialect, as will be seen in a subsequent part of these Notes. Specimens of the Chippeway language are given by Carver and Long, from whose travels the words in the annexed Vocabulary have been selected.

7. Ottowaus. The Ottowas, Outawas, or more properly W'tawas (with the whistled W, as Mr. Heckewelder observes) are a Canadian tribe. "They reside (according to Pike) on the north-west side of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and hunt between those lakes and Lake Superior." Mr. Du Pon

Loskiel's Hist. of the Mission of the United Brethren. Lond. 1794.

See Hist. Coll. Second Series, vol. ii. p. 10.

§ Pike's Journal, Appendix to Part First, p. 63.

ceau informs the Editor, that he knows of no vocabulary of their language extant.

8. Nanticokes. These were a body of the Lenape (or Delawares) who, in the ancient emigration of that people from the interior towards the sea coast, proceeded, together, with their offspring, to the south, in Maryland and Virginia.* Mr. Du Ponceau states, that the specimen in the following Vocabulary is all that he has been able to obtain of their language. He adds, also, in respect to that specimen-"The Nanticoke words are some of them double, being taken from different vocabularies; one by General Murray, the other by Mr. Heckewelder. I prefer the latter." The name of this nation, according to Mr. Heckewelder, is properly "Nentico, or, after the English pronunciation, Nantico." +

9. Munsees, or Minsi. These were a part of the Delawares, the Wolf tribe. Mr. Heckewelder describes them as the third of the great tribes, into which the Delawares upon the Atlantic coast divided themselves at the period of the emigration abovementioned. He adds, that they are commonly called Minsi, which we have corrupted into Monsey. "They extended their settlements from the Minisink, (a place named after them,) where they had their council seat and fire, quite up to the Hudson on the east; and to the west or south-west far beyond the Susquehannah; their northern boundaries were supposed originally to be the heads of the great rivers Susquehannah and Delaware; and their southern boundaries, that ridge of hills known in New Jersey by the name of Muskanecun, and in Pennsylvania, by those of Lehigh, Coghnewago, &c. Within this boundary were their principal settlements; and, even as late as the year 1742, they had a town, with a large peach orchard, on the tract of land where Nazareth, in Pennsylvania, has since been built; another, on Lehigh (the west branch of the Delaware) and others beyond the Blue Ridge; besides small family settlements here and there scattered."

Mr. Du Ponceau remarks, that "the few variations of their dialect from the Delaware, or Unami, do not entitle it to the name of a language." The words in the annexed Vocabulary are from Barton's New Views.

* See Heckewelder's Account, in the Transactions of the Histor. and Lit. Committee, &c. p. 35.

10. Menomonees, or Menomenes. "The Menomenes, or Fols Avoins, as termed by the French (says Pike) reside in seven villages, situated as follows, viz.-1. at the River Menomene, fifteen leagues from Green Bay, north side of the lake; 2. at Green Bay; 3. at Little Kakalin; 4. Portage of Kakalin; 5. Stinking Lake; 6. entrance of a small lake on Fox River; and 7th, behind the Bank of the Dead......The language which they speak is singular; for no white man has ever yet been known to acquire it; but this may probably be attributed to their all understanding the Algonquin, in which they and the Winnebagoes transact all conferences with the whites or other nations; and the facility with which that language is acquired, is a further reason for its prevalence."*

11. "The Messisaugers, or Messasagues (says Barton) are a most dirty race of Indians, residing about Lakes Huron and Superior" The few words, which we have of their language, are to be found in Barton's work; from which the specimen in the following Vocabulary has been extracted.

12. Saukies, or Sauks. "The first nation of Indians (says Pike) whom we met with in ascending the Mississippi from St. Louis, were the Sauks, who principally reside in four villages. The first, at the head of the Rapids de Moyen, on the west shore, consisting of thirteen log lodges; the second, on a prairie on the east shore, about sixty miles above; the third, on the Riviere de Roche, about three miles from the entrance; and the last, on the River Iowa. They hunt on the Mississippi and its confluent streams, from the Illinois to the River Des Iowa, and on the plains west of them, which border on the Missouri. They are so perfectly consolidated with the Reynards, that they scarcely can be termed a distinct nation." In respect to the language of the Saukies (or Sacs, as they are called by the French) Mr. Du Ponceau says-"There is no vocabulary extant, that I know of."

13. Ottagaumies; called by us the Foxes, and by the French, Renards. "They reside (according to Pike) in three villages-1. on the west side of the Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of the River De Roche; 2. about twelve miles in the rear of the lead mines; and 3. on Turkey River, half a league from its entrance. They are engaged in the same wars and

* Pike's Journal, Appendix to Part First, p. 58.

+ Barton's New Views, p. xxxiii.

Pike's Journal, Appendix to Part First, p. 56.

have the same alliances as the Sauks, with whom they must be considered as indissoluble in war or peace. In respect to their language, Pike says they speak the "Sauk, with a small difference in the idiom."† Lewis says, that the Sauks and Foxes "speak the same language."

14. Knisteneaux, or Killistenoes. "These people (says McKenzie) are spread over a vast extent of country. Their language is the same as that of the people who inhabit the coast of British America on the Atlantic, with the exception of the Esquimaux, and continues along the coast of Labrador and the Gulf and banks of St. Lawrence to Montreal. The line then follows the Utawas River to its source; and continues from thence nearly west along the high lands which divide the waters that fall into Lake Superior and Hudson's Bay. It then proceeds till it strikes the middle part of the River Winipic to the discharge of the Saskatchiwine into it; from thence it accompanies the latter to Fort George, when the line, striking by the head of Beaver River to the Elk River, runs along its banks to its discharge in the Lake of the Hills; from which it may be carried back east, to the Isle à la Crosse, and so on to Churchill by the Mississippi. The whole of the tract between this line and Hudson's Bay and Straits (except that of the Esquimaux in the latter) may be said to be exclusively the country of the Knisteneaux." Mr. Harmon, who has given the latest account of these Indians, with a copious vocabulary of their language, in his valuable Journal, says, the Cree or Knisteneaux language is spoken "by at least three fourths of the Indians of the north-west country on the east side of the Rocky Mountains." The Editor has, in the following Vocabulary, given a specimen of their language both from McKenzie and Harmon.

15. Nipegons. This nation will be presently noticed, under the name of the Winnebagoes. See Sect. 17.

16. Algonkins. These Indians (says Pike) "reside on the Lake of the Two Mountains, and are dispersed along the north

* Pike's Journal, Appendix to Part First, p. 57.

† See his Abstract of the number, &c. of the Indians on the Mississippi, &c. Statistical View of the Indian Nations, &c. published by Congress in the State Papers of 1806.

McKenzie's Voyages, p. 82. 3d Amer. edit.

§ Harmon's Journal, published at Andover, Massachusetts, 1820.