9. The Fraternal feeling, though no less real than the filial, is of the same inferior kind, as compared with the downward regards.

The embodiment of this Feeling, in fact or in fiction, affects us but slightly. In extraordinary situations, both filial and fraternal devotedness may be made touching, but then only by a great expenditure of literary power.

10. Friendship grounded in personal fascination, and strengthened by reciprocal attachment and kind offices, may rank second to the feeling between the

sexes.

To make an attractive picture of friendship demands nearly the same arts as the love passion. The intrinsic charms and virtues of the object have to be more powerfully supplemented by reciprocal attachment or devotion, than in the case of the sexual and parental regards.

GREGARIOUSNESS.

11. Concurring with the two special instincts for continuing the species, is the general sociability of mankind, as shown in the disposition to live in company, at least while the combative instinct is dormant. Its most specific display is the Sympathy of Num

bers.

The sexual and parental instincts are strongly individual; the filial, fraternal, and other friendships are also individual. Gregariousness, or the general Sociability of the race, is shown in the thrilling influence of numbers or masses collectively. This element is necessarily conspicuous in all the Patriotic displays of tender feeling.

Gregariousness supposes a certain amount of personal interest in human beings individually as well as collectively. Every individual man, as such, has a fellow-feeling with every other. Variations in liking take their rise from the great differences between individuals. Some points of character awaken combativeness, some contempt or dislike; while other peculiarities develop a special interest, leading to friendship and attachment in all degrees of intensity.

The exemplification of the poetic rendering of Tender

ORDER OF EXEMPLIFICATION.

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Feeling will depart from the arrangement given under Strength, and will follow the order of the Classes; the reference to the ultimate Constituents supplying the conditions of effect. For clearness' sake, these Constituents may now be resumed as follows:

(1) Sexual Feeling, as Animal Passion.

(2) Sexual Feeling, as Personal Fascination; together with its presence in the other relations.

(3) The influence of Reciprocal and Mutual Devotedness: viewed as pervading all the species of Tender Emotion, and as the chief foundation of filial, fraternal and other individual attachments.

(4) The Parental Feeling: with its derivatives, love of the little, the helpless and the distressed. Protection generally.

(5) The Feeling of the Gregarious, or General Sociability, conspicuous in the influence of the collective mass on the individual.

The mode of appeal to these ultimate varieties of tender emotion is governed by the characteristic feature of each.

VOCABULARY OF FEELING.

1. Subjects.

Domestic group-Lover,' 'wooer,' suitor,' 'sweetheart,' 'pet,' 'darling'; 'husband,' 'wife,' 'spouse,' 'mother,' 'father,' 'parent,' 'child,' 'babe,' 'infant,' 'son,' 'daughter,' 'boy,' 'girl,' 'brother,'' sister'; 'home,' 'hearth,' 'fireside,' 'household gods'; kinsman,' relation,' kindred,' bloodrelation,'' forefather,' ancestor,' 'descendant,' 'heir'.

Friendship: Friend,' ' companion,' 'mate,'' comrade,' 'associate,' 'confidant,' 'bed-fellow,' 'good genius,' 'bosomfriend,' boon companion'.

Co-patriotism :-'Neighbour,'

fellow-citizen,' 'fellow

countryman,' compatriot,' companion-in-arms'.

The Gregarious or numbers collectively:-' Assemblage,' 'multitude,' 'gathering,' 'host,' 'congregation'; 'company,' brotherhood,' 'society,' 'meeting,' 'army,' 'legion,' 'array,' 'troop,' 'clan,' 'tribe,' 'congress,' council,' 'crowd,'' encampment,' 'flock,'' herd,'' swarm,' ''shoal'.

Benevolent interest :- Benefactor,' 'philanthropist,' 'saviour,'' deliverer,' 'guardian-angel,' 'good Samaritan,' 'Howard'.

Religion:-' God,' 'Lord,' Heavenly Father,' 'Redeemer, Saviour,' Mediator,' 'Holy Spirit,' Comforter,' 'Paraclete,'' angel,' 'heavenly host,' sons of God,'' ministering spirits,' 'celestial visitants'.

af

Pathos and Sorrow :- Sufferer,' 'bereaved one,' flicted,' 'troubled,' down-trodden,' widow,' 'orphan,' 'fatherless,'' martyr,' 'prey,'' victim,' 'poor,' needy'. 2. Qualities.

Pervading names for Tender Feeling :- Love,'' affection,' endearment,' attachment,' fondness,' 'passion (tender),'' warmheartedness,' devotion,'' goodness,'' kindness,' 'benevolence,' 'charity,' 'humanity,' 'sympathy,' 'fellow-feeling,' 'benignant,'' amity,' sociability'.

More special to the Sexes:- Ardour,' 'flame,' 'passion,' 'devotion, adoring,' burning,' smitten,' captivated,' 'charmed,' 'enraptured'; 'kissing,' 'caressing,' 'embracing, courting,' 'wooing'. 'Marriage,' 'honey-moon,' ' nuptials,' Hymen,' the altar,' wedlock,' espousals'; 'conjugal,' 'connubial,' 'wedded'. Parental,' motherly,' 'fatherly,' 'petting,' 'nursing,' 'protecting,' 'pitying,' 'caring for,' 'supporting,' 'watching,' nourishing'.

6

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Compassion, Philanthropy :-Benevolence,' 'beneficence,' bounty,' 'goodness," kind offices,' services,'' assistance,' 'benefits,' 'generosity,' sympathy,' 'pity,' 'charity'; 'long-suffering,' 'grace,' forgiveness,' 'pardon,' 'intercession,' 'conciliation,' 'propitiation'. Reciprocal and upward Tenderness: - Thankfulness,' gratitude,' ' response,' requital,' acknowledgment,' looking up to,' ' reverence'.

Pains awakening Tenderness:-'Sorrow,' 'sadness,' 'woe,'' tears,' 'crying,' 'grief,'' distress,' 'misery,' 'trial,' 'trouble,' 'suffering,' affliction,' bereavement,' 'desolation,' 'wretchedness,' 'tribulation,' 'broken heart,' 'adversity,' 'calamity,' 'disaster,' 'bitterness,' 'sinking,' 'inconsolable,' 'dejected,' 'doomed,' devoted,' undone,' 'despair,' 'tragic,' accursed,' ache,' 'pang,' agony,' 'anguish,' 'torment,' 'torture,' 'death,' 'the grave, the tomb,' the departed'.

Pleasures allied to Tenderness:- Joy,' 'delight,' 'gladness,' happiness,' 'bliss,' 'youth,' 'charm,' 'glee'; 'genial,' 'sweet,' 'delicious,' 'heart-felt,' 'cordial,' ' rejoicing,' 'cheering'; sunshine,' comfort,' calmness,' 'serenity,' 'trans

NAMES OF TENDER QUALITIES.

129

port,' fascination,' ravishment,' 'ecstasy,' 'paradise,' Elysium,' 'seventh heaven'.

Names for Beauty employed to awaken Tenderness :'Beautiful,' 'graceful,' 'elegant,' comely,' 'lovely'; 'adornment,' witchery'; 'fair,'' handsome,' delicate,' 'refined,' 'well-favoured,' 'seemly,' 'blooming,' 'bright,' 'brilliant,' 'resplendent,' 'well-formed,' 'becoming,' 'tasteful,'' classical,' chaste,'' courtly'.

Names for the Virtues that inspire Tender Feeling, coupled with more or less of admiration :- Fairness,' 'justice,' 'equity,' 'reciprocity' (in good offices), 'fair play,' 'even-handed,'' generosity,' rewarding desert,' approbation,' esteem,' 'praise,' 'regard,' 'respect,' 'honesty,' uprightness,' 'probity,' 'fidelity,' 'constancy,' 'trustworthiness,' 'punctuality,' 'scrupulosity,' 'generosity,' liberality, nobleness,' 'purity,' magnanimity,' incorruptibility,' 'innocence'; harmless,' 'blameless,' 'faultless,' dove-like,' angelic'.

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Names for the Religious aspects of Tenderness :'Piety,' 'faith,' grace,' godliness,' 'reverence,' 'sacredness,' 'devoutness,' 'sanctity,' 'holiness,' 'humility,' 'purity,' 'innocence,'' sinlessness,' heavenly,' 'holy beauty,' 'divine peace,' saint,' child of God,' redeemed,'' unearthly,' heavenly-minded,'' spiritually-minded,' 'consecration,' 'unction,' salvation,' redemption,' 'prayer,' 'supplication,' 'adoration,'' devotion,' worship,' 'benediction'.

Pathos of Time:-'Old,' 'past,' 'foretime,' 'aftertime,' 'ages past and future,' 'generations gone-by-to come,' 'antiquated,' 'forgotten,' 'eternal,' 'enduring,' 'for ever'; 'Ancient of days'.

Names for the Little :-Diminutives of Grammar, 'tiny,' lambkin,' atom,' 'mite,' 'pigmy'.

3. Antipathetic Vocabulary.

Diametrical opposites of Tenderness :-'Hatred,' 'malevolence,' 'revenge, aversion'. Opposites from Strength :Vocabulary of strength and energy without malevolence. Coarse and slang terms; the ludicrous. Forms of misery too intense to be redeemed. Exultation of triumph and victory. The stately Classical vocabulary: magniloquence generally. Language studiously and artificially compacted.

4. Names for Associated circumstances.

Under Figures of Contiguity was shown the use of

adjuncts and connections in enlarging the means of expressing emotion. The operation is still wider. The Associated language of Tenderness, in general, and of the love of the sexes, in particular, embraces the harmonies of natureflowers, animals, streams, mountains, scenic effects of every kind. These emotional adjuncts have been gradually increasing and accumulating, and have been raised or heightened by their continued employment in the service, till they have acquired an independent power, and repay their origin with interest.

Even the heavenly bodies are not exempted; the Moon being in more especial request. There is apt to be a forced employment of these cold and distant bodies; yet by iteration the wished-for result is gained. The Seasons alone yield a copious fund of allusion, especially after having been exhaustively worked by Thomson.

CONDITIONS OF FEELING.

1. The Aids to Emotional Qualities already given being supposed, the requisites special to Tender Feeling are little else than the general conditions applied to the

case.

As with Strength, so here: no mere profusion of the phraseology and imagery of Tender feeling will succeed without representative force, concreteness, cumulation, harmony, ideality, originality or variety, and refining arts.

The following aids deserve special attention as bearing on the quality of Feeling. Their exemplification will be given afterwards.

(1) Adequate representation of the subject of the emotion, by duly selecting the essential points, and omitting all irrelevant and disturbing particulars.

(2) Additional heightening circumstances, as, for example, the mental virtues of a beautiful person. To increase the impression of female beauty, we should not introduce virtues of the more masculine type, even though these may, in themselves, be fitted to secure admiration.

(3) Harmonious circumstances and surroundings. These will be most abundantly illustrated in connexion with the Erotic form of the tender emotions.

(4) Subjective delineation, by the various modes already