was banishment only (a). The Circaffians, defcribed by Bell of Antimony as barbarians, are hofpitable. If even an enemy put himself under the protection of any of them, he is fecure. The Swedes and Goths were eminently hofpitable to ftrangers; as indeed were all the northern nations of Europe (b). The negroes of Fouli are celebrated by travellers for the fame quality. The native Brazilians are fingularly hofpitable: a ftranger no fooner arrives among them, than he is surrounded by women, who wash his feet, and fet before him to eat the best things they have : if he have occafion to go more than once to the fame village, the perfon whofe guest he was, takes it much amifs if he think of changing his lodging.

There are caufes that for a time fufpend enmity between neighbouring ftates. The fmall ftates of Greece, among whom war never ceafed, frequently fmothered their enmity to join against the formidable mo'narch of Perfia. There are alfo caufes that fufpend for a time all animofity between factions in the fame ftate. The fac(a) Nicolaus Damafcenus.

(b) Saxo Grammaticus. Crantz.

VOL. II.

Bb

tions

tions in Britain about power and pre-eminence, not a little difagreeable during peace, are laid afleep during a foreign

war.

On the other hand, attraction is converted into repulfion. by various caufes. One is, the splitting a great monarchy into many small states; of which the Affyrian, the Perfian, the Roman, and the Saracen empires, are inftances. The amor patrie, faint in an extenfive monarchy, readily yields to averfion, operating between two neighbouring ftates, lefs extenfive. This is obfervable between neighbouring colonies, even of the fame nation : the English colonies in North America, though they retain fome affection for their mother-country, have contracted an averfion to each other. And happy for them is fuch averfion, if it prevent their uniting in order to acquire independence: wars without end would be the inevitable consequence, as among fmall ftates in close neighbourhood.

Hitherto the road has been smooth, without obftruction. But we have not yet finished our journey; and the remaining questions, whether men be qualified

lified by their nature for being useful members of civil fociety, and whether they be fitted for being happy in it, will, I fufpect, lead into a road neither smooth nor free from obstruction. The focial branch of human nature would be wofully imperfect, if man had an appetite for fociety without being qualified for that ftate the appetite, inftead of tending to a good end, would be his bane. And yet, whether he be or be not qualified for fociety, feems doubtful. On the one hand, there are facts, many and various, from which it is natural to conclude, that man is qualified by nature for being an useful member of a social state, and for being happy in it. I inftance, firft, feveral correfponding principles or propenfities, that cannot be exerted nor gratified but in fociety, viz. the propenfities of veracity, and of relying on human teftimony; appetite for knowledge, and defire to communicate knowledge; anxiety to be pitied in diftrefs, and fympathy with the dif treffed; appetite for praife, and inclination to praise the deferving. Such cor

refponding

* Appetite for praife is inherent even in favages:

witness

refponding propenfities not only qualify men for the focial state as far as their influence reaches, but attract them sweetly into fociety for the fake of gratification, and make them happy in it. But this is not all, nor indeed the greater part. Do not benevolence, compaffion, magnanimity, heroism, and the whole train of focial affections, demonftrate our fitnefs for fociety, and our happiness in it? And juftice, above all other virtues, promotes peace and concord in that ftate. Nor ought the faculty of fpeech to be overlooked, which in an eminent degree qualifies man for fociety, and is a plentiful fource of enjoy

ment in it.

I have referved one other particular to be the concluding fcene; being a striking inftance of providential care to fit men for fociety. In reading a play, or in feeing it acted, a young man of tafte is at no lofs to judge of fcenes he never was engaged in, or of passions he never felt. What is

witness thofe of North America, who upon that account are fond of drefs. I mean the men; for the women are fuch miferable flaves as to have no fpirit for ornament.

it

racy

it that directs his judgement? Men are apt to judge of others by what they have experienced in themfelves: but here, by the fuppofition, there has been no antecedent experience. The fact is fo familiar, that no one thinks of accounting for it. As young perfons, without inftruction or experience, can judge with tolerable accuof the conduct of men, of their various paffions, of the difference of character, and of the efficacy of motives; the principle by which they judge must be internal nature must be their guide, or, in other words, an internal fenfe. Nor is this fenfe confined to fo low a purpose as criticism it is a fenfe indifpenfable in the conduct of life. Every perfon is connected with many others, by various ties: if inftruction and experience were neceffary to regulate their conduct, what would become of them in the interim? Their ignorance would betray them into endless. inconveniencies. This fenfe has man for its object, not this or that man by it we perceive what is common to all, not what diftinguishes one individual from another. We have an intuitive conviation, not only that all men have paffions and appetites