when it is followed by a verb in the future tense: as, ainda que eu trabalhe, nunca hei de cançar, though I should work, I never should be tired.

7. The Portuguese use specially the same present subjunctive for the future; as in these sentences and others like, nao duvido que venha, I do not doubt but he will come; duvido que o faça, I doubt that, or whether he will do it.

Therefore avoid carefully those faults which foreigners are so apt to make, in considering rather the tense which they want to turn into Portuguese, than the mood which the genius of the language requires.

8. The present indicative is also used for the future, as well as in English: ex. jantais hoje em casa? do you dine at home to day?

9. Bem que, ainda que, posto que, though, although require the subjunctive or potential mood, when they denote the possibility; and the indicative when there is not a mere possibility, but a positive fact; ainda que seja homem honrado, though he is, or may be an honest man; ainda que elle faz aquillo, though he does it.

10. But if you render though, although, by nao obstante, then you use the infinitive: as, nao obstante ser elle homem honrado nao obstante fazer elle isto.

11. The tenses of the subjunctive after que, depend on those of the verbs by which the subjunctive is governed; if the governing or preceding verb, is found in any of the past tenses, then the subjunctive must be likewise in a past tense: as, era, or foi conveniente que o principe fosse com elle, it was convenient that the prince should go with him; foi, or era preciso, que isto se fizesse, if the preceding or governing verb be in the present or in the future simple, the subjunctive after it must be in the present: as, he, or será preciso que isto se faça, it is, or it shall be necessary that this should be done, if the preceding verb is in the conditional, the subjunctive must be in the preterimperfect: as, seria preciso que isto se fizesse.

12. Por separated from que by an adjective, governs the subjunctive: as, por grande que seja que fosse, que tenha sido, que tivesse sido, though he be, was, has been ever so great; succeda o que succeder, happen what shall happen; seja o que for, at all events; succedesse, o que succedesse, whatever the event might be.

13. The conjunctions logo que, as soon as; quando, when; se, if; govern the future of the subjunctive, when the verb after them is to be reputed in the future: as, logo que chegar, irémos a passear, as soon as he comes, or shall come, we will go and take a walk; quando vier estarémos promptos, when he comes, or will come, we will be ready.

But if the verb be in the present or in the past, then it remains in the indicative: as, quando el rey ve tudo, naō he enganado, when the king sees every thing, he is not deceived; logo que chegou fallei com elle,as soon as he came, I spoke with him.

Of the Infinitive Mood.

1. As the infinitive is a verb and a noun, or a verbal noun, when it is employed as a noun, it is either in the nominative case, or in any other according to the preposition before; when it is a nominative, it is preceded by o: as, o dizer e, o fazer saō duas cousas, saying and doing are two different things.

2. A, coming between two verbs, notes the second as the object of the first; a tardança das nossas esperanças nos ensina a mortificar os nossos dezejos, the delay of our hopes, teaches us to mortify our desires; elle começa a discorrer, he begins to reason.

3. Para notes the intention, the tendency, &c. as, a adversidade serve para experimentar a paciencia, adversity serves to try one's patience; está prompto para obedecer, he is ready to obey.

4. De, between two verbs, governs either the genitive or the ablative: as, venho de ver a meu pay, I have just seen my father; he tempo de hir se, it is time to go away; el rey foi servido de mandar, the king has been pleased to order.

5. The infinitive is very often governed by prepositions or conjunctions: as, sem dizer palavra, without speaking a word; where you may observe it is expressed in English by the participle present: as, nunca se cança de jogar, he is never weary of playing; diverte se em caçar, he delights in hunting; elle está doente por trabalhar demasiadamente, he is sick for having worked too much; perde o seu tempo em passear, he loses his time in walking; hei de hir me sem me despedir? shall I go away without taking leave?

6. The infinitive is also used passively, or Englished by the passive: as, naō ha que dizer, que ver, &c. there is nothing to be said, seen, &c.

7. The gerund of any verb active, may be conjugated with the verb estar, to be; as we do in English: as, estou escrevendo, I am writing; elle estava dormindo, he was asleep, &c.

CHAPTER VI.

OF THE SYNTAX OF PARTICIPLES AND GERUNDS.

1. The participle in the Portuguese language, generally ends in do or to: as, amado, visto, ditto, &c.

2. The active participles that follow the verb ter, to have; must end in in o and be indeclinable: as, tenho visto el rey, I have seen the king; tenho visto a rainha, I have seen the queen; êu tinha lido os livros, I had read the books; eu tinha levado as cartas, I had carried the letters.

8. We meet with authors who sometimes make the participles declinable, and agreeing with the thing spoken of; as in Camoens, canto I. stanza xxix.

E por que cómo vistes, tem passados, na viagem taō ásperos perigos, tántos climas e céos experimentados, &c, and canto II. stanza lxxvi. Sao oferecimentos verdadeiros e palavras sinceras, naō dobradas, as que o rey manda a os nobres cavaleiros, que tanto mar e terras tem passadas.

4. But if it is a neuter verb, the participle ought always to be indeclinable: as, el rey tem jantado, the king has dined; a rainha tem ceado, the queen has supped; os vossos amigos tem rido, your friends have laughed; minhas irmáas tem dormido, my sisters have slept.

5. It is the same when the active participle happens to

precede an infinitive: as, o juiz lhe tinha feito cortar a cabeça, the judge had caused his head to be cut off.

6. The passive participles which are joined with the tenses of the verb ser, to be; agree with the substantive that precede the verb ser; o capitao foi louvado, the captain was praised; a virtude he estimada, virtue is esteemed; os preguiçosos sao censurados, the lazy are blamed; as vossas joyas forao vendidas, your jewels were sold.

7. The Portuguese suppress the gerunds having and being before the participles; as, ditto isto, this being said, or having said this; acabado o sermao, the sermon being ended; acabada a guerra, a céa, &c. this mode of speaking is called by grammarians ablatives absolute.

8. The participle of the present tense in Portuguese has singular and plural, but one termination and serves for both genders: as, hum homem temente a Deos, huma molher temente a Deos, homens tementes a Deos, a man, a woman, men fearing God.

9. There are in Portuguese a great many participles in ente, which are used substantively: as, ignorante, amante, ouvinte, estudante, &c. an ignorant, a lover, an auditor or hearer, a scholar, &c.

10. It is better to place the nominative after the gerund than before: as, estando el rey na comedia, the king being at the play.

CHAPTER VII.

OF PREPOSITIONS.

Prepositions may be divided into separable and inseparable; an inseparable preposition is never found but in compound words, and signifies nothing of itself, they are generally taken from the Latin, or Arabic language: as, abrogar, to abrogate; abster se, to obtain; adventicio, adventitious;

co' abitar, to cohabit; dispór, to dispose; extrahir, to extract; sbriar, to obviate; pospor, to postpone; preceder, to go before; propor, to propose; soster, to support; soto pór, to put or lay under. subscrever, to subscribe; sob pena, sob color, &c.

1. Des, serves to express the contrary of the word it is joined to: as, desfazer, to undo; desenganar, to undeceive; desacerto, mistake; which are the contrary of fazer, enganar, acerto.

2. In has commonly a negative or privative sense, denoting the contrary of the meaning of the word it precedes: as, incapaz, unable; infeliz, unhappy; inacçao, inaction, &c. but sometimes it is affirmative as in Latin.

Observe that in before r is changed into ir; as irregular, irrational; before into il: as, legitimo, illegitimate; and before m into im: as, immaterial, &c.

3. Re borrowed from the Latin, generally denotes iteration, or backward action: as re-edificar, to rebuild; repercutir, to repercute, or strike back.

4. The Greek preposition anti, enters into the compositions of a great many Portuguese words, it signifies generally opposite; as in an i-podas, anti-papa, and sometimes it signifies fore; as in anti-loquio, a preface, a speaking first, when it is derived from the Latin preposition ante.

5. Arce, or archi, denotes a superiority; as in arcebispo, an archbishop; archiduque, an archduke.

Of separable prepositions.

It is absolutely impossible ever to attain to the knowledge of any language whatever, without thoroughly understanding the divers relations denoted by the prepositions, and the several cases of nouns which they govern; both which relations and cases being arbitrary, vary and differ much in all languages, this only instance will evince it. The English say, to think of a thing; the French, to think to a thing; the Germans and Dutch, to think on or upon a thing; the Spaniards and Portuguese, to think in a thing, &c. Now it will avail an English man but little, to know that of is expressed in Portuguese, by de, if he does not know which relations em and de denote in that language; since the Portuguese say, to think in a thing; and not of a