he has borrowed he should be obliged to return uninjured at the time; and every thing belonging to others which he has lost, he should be required to replace. In this manner he will grow up to that sense of justice, without which it is impossible for virtue to exist.

Morality, begun in truth, and advanced in justice, is finished in kindness. The minds of children may be easily rendered kind by a wise cultivation; and by the want of it will easily become unfeeling and cruel. Children should be taught, the first moment they are capable of being taught, a lively tenderness for the feelings, the sufferings, and the happiness of all beings with whom they are conversant. The emperor Domitian has proved, that cruelty, when it cannot satiate itself on human misery, can be gratified even with the death of flies. Every child should be invariably instructed to exercise kind ness towards animals, and to shun cruelty even to an insect. The plundering of birds' nests, and the capture of their young, is in all ordinary cases, notwithstanding it is so generally allowed, an employment fitted only to harden the heart, and prepare it to be insensible to human sufferings. Still worse is the deplorable practice, extensively allowed also, of setting up poultry as a mark, to be destroyed by gradual torture. Worse still is the practice, so widely and shamefully extended in some parts of this country, of cock-fighting; abominable for its cruelty, and detestable for its fraud. Children should never injure animals without reproof solemnly administered, nor, as the case may be, without punishment. All their unkindness to each other, and all the unkindness of others which falls within their knowledge, should be strongly and unconditionally reprobated. At the same time, every instance of their spontaneous tenderness and beneficence should be strongly commended; and, as prudence may direct, followed by suitable rewards; while every instance of cruelty should be treated with efficacious discountenance, and strenuous opposition, and should be seen to awaken in the mind of the parent detestation and horror. Among the exercises of kindness, which are of prime importance, one of the most difficult to learn is the forgiveness of injuries. On this account it should be taught early, unceasingly, and strenuously, with powerful persuasion, and distinguishing rewards. An unforgiving and revengeful spirit, on the contrary, should, however difficult and discouraging the task, be at all events broken down; and no attempt should be omitted, until this work is effectually accomplished.

3. Self-government.

Children should, from the beginning, be taught to be industrious: The value of time should be explained to them, as the means of all usefulness and enjoyment, of duty and salvation. To enable them to employ it in the best manner, they should be early accustomed to methodize it by useful divisions; allotting regularly one period to devotion, another to business, and another to recreation. Their business also should be methodized by subordinate divisions; one period being regularly destined to one employment, and another to another. In this manner they will soon see that far more can be accomplished than by loose and desultory efforts. Industry, naturally disagreeable, may be rendered pleasing by address and habituation, advice and example. As this is the fountain, under God, of all human attainments and enjoyments, no exertions should be left untried to establish it, at a very early date, in the minds of children.

Upon industry in his child every parent should graft economy. To economy the human mind is more reluctant than even to industry. In order to relish it, two great difficulties must be overcome. One is the powerful relish for the gratifications which occasion our expence. The other is the constant, laborious attention, so necessary to the practice of that branch of economy which is employed in preserving the various kinds of property. The latter of these is usually the greater difficulty; but may, as well as the other, be overcome by long continued, prudent, and unremitted exertion.

The children of the honest and industrious poor, and of persons in moderate circumstances, are usually taught economy from necessity; in most instances, however, not so thoroughly and happily as ought to be wished. The children of opulent parents, and of the idle poor, are to a great extent sadly neglected, as to this necessary part of their education. The consequence is, that the children of the one are kept poor, and the children of the other frequently reduced to poverty. Economy is at least as necessary to prosperity, even in a moderate degree, as industry itself. Equally necessary is it to furnish us the power of doing justice to others; safety from temptations to fraud, falsehood, and innumerable other evils; support in sickness, and old age; the education, and comfortable settlement, of our families; and a host of other blessings. It is therefore an indispensable duty; and is made such by the example and precept of our Saviour. When he had fed a multitude by a creative act of his own, he directed his disciples to 'gather up the fragments, that nothing might be lost.' What was their duty, in such a case, is certainly the duty of all men, in all cases: and, however it may be despised by the proud and the prodigal, or however forgotten by the thoughtless, will be found of incalculable importance to their children.

At the same time, they should be carefully guarded against all tendencies to covetousness, and to every other exercise of a mean and narrow mind. Economy furnishes us with the ability to perform generous acts. Meanness prevents their existence, and destroys the spirit from which they spring. Meanness also roots up, in whatever form it may exist, all the tendencies to virtue; every stem on which it may be hopefully grafted.

Another thing which ought to be cultivated with great care in the early minds of children, and which may be properly ranged under this head, is the exercise of the gentle affections. Violent affections seem to be the chief preventives of virtue, and its chief enemies. Gentle affections are the best preparation for it, and the best friends to it, which are furnished by human nature. All the affections of virtue are ordinarily gentle, the most amiable ones always. This is probably one powerful reason why so many more Christians are usually found in the female sex than in ours; viz. that the softness and sweetness of their affections naturally coincide with religious impressions, while the violence of ours naturally resists them. Children should regularly be checked and subdued in every ebullition of passion; particularly of pride and anger. Nor should they be less carefully opposed in the more unobserved progress of avarice and ambition. The mischiefs of all these, and of all other inordinate passions are known and acknowledged by all men. It will be only necessary to remark concerning them here, that, while they continue in full strength, they absolutely forbid all access of religion, and fix the mind in immoveable hostility to the Divine pleasure. He who wishes his children to become the subjects of piety, should make it a prime object in their education to check all their inordinate passions with an efficacy of resistance, proportioned to the demands of each case; and should, with equal anxiety, teach them to check, restrain, and subdue themselves. Usually, this work may in early childhood be easily done; but unhappily is too often neglected. The passions in the mind, like weeds in a garden, sufficiently tender and feeble at first, soon strengthen themselves to such a degree by rankness of growth, that to subdue them becomes difficult, if not impossible. Few persons have then sufficient resolution to undertake the task; fewer have sufficient perseverance to execute it. When begun in season it is ordinarily attended with little difficulty.

Gentle affections should be encouraged in children by all the means in our power. They should constantly witness them in us. The exercise of them in themselves should from time to time be commended; the amiableness of them explained, and enforced. Companions, possessed of such affections, should be selected for them; and books, containing persuasive examples and illustrations of this character, should be put into their hands.

Intimately connected with this subject is civility and sweetness of manners. Lord Chesterfield justly observes, that such manners are directly required by our Saviour's practical exposition of the second great command of the moral law : That we should do to others whatsoever we would that they should do to us.' All men love to be treated with civility, and are bound therefore by the law of God to exhibit such treatment to others. The Chinese proverbially and justly observe, that a man without civility is a man without common sense. Such manners are the proper polish of that most beautiful of all diamonds, virtue; and enable it to shine with its own peculiar lustre. They render the character lovely, increase exceedingly the power of those who possess them to do good, and secure to them a thousand kind offices, to which coarse, rough, and brutal men are utterly strangers. Children, in order to be taught such manners, beside being particularly instructed in their nature, should especially be accustomed to the company of those from whom they may be successfully copied.

There is scarcely a fault to which children are prone which is more difficult to be prevented, than the imprudence of the Tongue. Passion prompts them to expressions of rashness and violence; example, to profaneness; the love of being listened to, to the betraying of secrets; the telling of marvellous stories, the recitation of private history, to the utterance of slander. In these and other similar ways they often wound their own character, and the peace both of themselves and their connections. Every attempt of every such kind ought to be repelled at once, and effectually crushed. Neglect here is countenance; inattention, encouragement. What then shall be said of parents, who directly listen to their children while thus employed; and in this manner solicit them to transgress? Few evils need to be more steadily watched, or more powerfully resisted, than this. A prudent and well governed tongue is an invaluable possession, whether we consider the peace of the possessor, the comfort of his family, or the quietness of his neighbourhood. A busy-body in other men's matters' is classed by St. Peter with 'murderers, thieves, and malefactors.'

Universally, children should be guarded, and taught to guard themselves with the utmost care, against temptations. They should be cautioned not to go, and restrained from going, to places of evil resort. They should be anxiously prevented from the company of wicked children; and, as much as may be, from that of all other persons from whom they will hear dangerous sentiments, or who will set before them dangerous conduct. They should also be never brought, when it can be avoided, into contact with dangerous and fascinating objects. From such objects indeed, and from such company, they cannot be entirely secluded in such a world as this. By watchful and faithful parents, however, much may be done; it is impossible to say how much; but probably so much as, in ordinary cases at least, perhaps in all, to secure the child from the evil to which he is exposed. One important mean of security, never to be forgotten, is an early, strong, and habitual impression of their exposure to temptation, accompanied by explicit and thorough information of the evils which will certainly result from yielding to its influence. This will prove a safeguard to the child, when the parent cannot be present to warn him of his danger.

It will be remembered, that I originally proposed to men