He had no doubt that rags that have been used in wiping petroleum lamps and then thrown aside are a fertile source of fires. He had even known instances in which useless butter rags from the casks have taken fire in 24 hours, by being put together in a heap. Saltpetre, nitrate of soda, chlorate of potash, manganese, and bichromate of potash, form his last class of fire promoters. The use of oil lamps has much increased in consequence of the extent of oil production having lowered the price. [MINERAL OILS.] CHEMISTS AND Druggists.-By Letters Patent under the Great Seal granted by James I., A.D. 1616, all persons "brought up and skilful in the art, mystery, or faculty of Apothecaries, and exercising the same art, mystery, or faculty, then being Freemen of the mystery of Grocers of the City of Lond., or being Freemen of any other art, mystery, or faculty in the said City of Lond. (so as they had been brought up and were expert in the art and mystery of Apothecaries), and they and all such men of the said art and mystery of Apothecaries in the said City of Lond. and suburbs of the same, and within 7 miles of the said City, might and should be one body corporate," under the title of "The master, wardens, and so. of the art and mystery of Apothecaries of the City of Lond."-with certain powers therein appointed. In 1815, by the 55 Geo. III. c. 194, certain of these powers were repealed and amended; and new powers were granted, under which the master and wardens may as often as they see fit, in the daytime, enter the shop of any person using the said art or mystery in England and Wales, "and shall and may search, survey, prove, and determine if the medicines, simple or compound, wares, drugs, or any thing or things whatsoever therein contained, and belonging to the art or mystery of Apothecaries aforesaid, be wholesome, meet and fit for the cure, health and ease of His Majesty's subjects; and all and every such medicines, wares, drugs, and all other things belonging to the aforesaid art, which they shall find, unlawful, deceitful, stale, unwholesome, corrupt, pernicious, or hurtful, shall and may burn or otherwise destroy ;" and may impose penalties. [ADULTERATION.] The Pharmacy Act, 1868-31 & 32 Vict. c. 121-enacts (sec. II) that: Every registrar of deaths in Gt. Brit., on receiving notice of the death of any pharmaceutical chemist, or chemist and druggist, shall forthwith transmit by post to the registrar under the Pharmacy Act a certificate under his own hand of such death, with the particulars of the time and place of death; and on the receipt of such certificate, the said registrar under the Pharmacy Act shall erase the name of such deceased pharmaceutical chemist or chemist and druggist from the register, and shall transmit to the said registrar of deaths the cost of such certificate and transmission, and may charge the cost thereof as an expense of his office. CHESHIRE, EDWARD, for several years the Assistant Sec. of the Inst. of Actuaries, and of the Statistical So. In 1853 he pub., Results of the Census of Gt. Brit. in 1851, with a Description of the Machinery and Process employed to obtain the Return. A well-written and most instructive pamph. CHESSHYRE, JAMES W., Banker, Hertford, founded in 1848 the County Hail Storm Ins. Co., a most successful institution. In 1849 he founded the County Mutual L., of which he became and remained Man.-Director until its amalg. In 1865 he founded, in conjunction with the late Marquis of Salisbury, the County Cattle Ins. Co. CHESSHYRE, JOHN C., was Sec. of County Cattle Ins. Co. from its commencement in 1865, down to the date of its passing into liq. CHEST (Thorax).—An old English term, commonly traced to Latin and Greek words of the same import. "When it is considered that the same word was anciently used for a basket, the appropriation of it to the human thorax will appear quite natural to any one who has ever seen a skeleton."-Forbes. CHEST DISEASES.—These will be spoken of under their proper heads, as ASTHMA, LUNG DISEASE, etc.; but more under RESPIRATION, DISEASES OF. CHESTER, N., was Sec. of Indemnity Marine from 1844, or earlier, down to 1863. CHESTER.-An ancient English city, known to the Romans as Deva. It is situate at the north-western extremity of the midland district. In 1471 it was nearly destroyed by fire. In 1862 its Exchange and Town Hall were burnt. Our attention is chiefly drawn to this city here, in consequence of Dr. Haygarth, M.D., having kept a regis. of mort. obs. in it for a period of years, 1772 to 1781 inclusive, from which Dr. Price afterwards constructed the CHESTER T. OF MORT. In 1774 Dr. Haygarth made a survey of the city with great care. In the ten parishes. of Chester, including the suburbs, there were found to be: 14,713 inhabitants. 3428 families. Males, 6697; females, 8016. Married, 4881; widowers, 258; widows, 736. Under 15, 4486; above 70, 625. Dead of the smallpox in 1774, 202; recovered the same year, 1183; ill with it in Jan., 1775, 19; not had it in Jan., 1775, 1060. The following are the mean details shown by Dr. Haygarth's regis. The regis. was kept on a plan which had been recommended by Dr. Price in his Obs. on Reversionary Payments: Births in the 10 years 1772-81: males, 2192; females, 2115; marriages, 1500, or 150 annually. Burials (as per following statement) Males, 1939 Females 2151 115 80 Died, "in all," under 20 years of age The higher ages are given in separate T. for males and females. We place them both under one T. as follows: 993 968 It will be observed that these last totals do not agree with the totals previously given. This is occasioned by the fact of the ages of 24 persons being unknown, and therefore they are not classed. The following add. explanation is also given by Dr. Price: Of 22 females above the age of 80 who died at Chester in 1772, the Regis. specifies no more than 4 of them were maids, and 14 of them widows, who died between 80 and 90; and that the remaining 4 were widows who died above 90. Of the 4 who had never been married, 1 has been supposed to die at each of the ages 81, 83, 84, and 85. Of the 18 widows, 2 have been supposed to die at each of the ages between 80 and 88; 2 at 91; 1 at 92; and 1 at 93. It was proper to make some distribution of this kind; but it is of little consequence whether it is right or wrong. In every other instance the numbers dying at every age have been taken just as the Regis. has given them. The number of widowers in the city in 1774 was 258; of widows, 736. During the 9 years 1772-79 the number of widowers who died was 157; of widows, 390. CHESTER TABLE OF MORTALITY.-From the preceding facts recorded by Dr. Haygarth in his Regis., Dr. Price compiled the Chester T. of Mort., which he first gave to the world in the 4th ed. of his Reversionary Payments, pub. 1783. The learned compiler, by way of preface, says: Chester is a healthy town, of moderate size, where the births had for many years a little exceeded the burials; and the Regis. to which I refer had the peculiar advantage of being under the direction of Dr. Haygarth, its founder as well as conductor. As it gives an accurate account of the distempers of which all the inhabitants die in every season, and at every age, it contains much physical instruction; but my views led me only to take notice of that part of it which gives the law according to which human life wastes in all its different stages, both among males and females. Here is the Table. The "Expectations" were not included in the orig., but were afterwards computed quinquennially for the purpose of showing the difference between male and female life: Dr. Price points out that in this, as in the preceding T. from Dr. Haygarth's regis., there are several irregularities in the decrease of the prob. of the duration of life, which would not have taken place had the obs. been made on a larger body of people or for a longer period of years; "but they do not much affect the correctness of the expectations and values of lives [annuities] deducible from these T., except at the extremity of life, after the age of 80 or 85." He continues: According to the Chester Regis. the whole number of males that died at every age for 10 years between 80 and 85 was 44; 22 died between 85 and 90; and 14 above 90. This Regis, also makes 102 of the number of females that died between 80 and 85; and 34 and 27 the numbers that died between 85 and 90, and above 90. The preceding T., from the age of 80 to 97, is formed just as it would have been formed had the Regis. given only this information without particularizing the numbers dying in every single year of life after 80. It will be easily seen that this was necessary. The deaths at the extreme ages beyond 96 or 97 bear so small a proportion to the rest that there is no occasion to include them in a Table of obs. ; nor is it possible to do it properly. Dr. Price also says, "It should be further considered, that the remark at the end of the T. for Warrington is applicable to this T." This is inconveniently indefinite; for there are several remarks at the end of that T., of which perhaps the following are more specially referred to: It appears from this T. and the Regis. on which it is grounded that, though the prob. of living among females are higher than among males, and a smaller number is born, yet more die. The reason must be that more males emigrate, and that many of them die in the army, the navy, and the militia. To this also it is owing that more wives die at Warrington than husbands. It is proper to add that in consequence of this greater emigration, the preceding T. give the proportion of the expectations of life among males to those among females lower than it really is. But at the same time it should be remembered that it does this only for the ages before which and during which the emigration happens. After these ages (that is, prob. after the age of 40 or 50) the correctness of the T. cannot be affected by this cause. Dr. Price, in the general intro. to his T., when he speaks of those for Chester, says, The T. for females must be considered as particularly correct, because the numbers of females born and buried in Chester are very nearly equal. On the contrary, the number of males born being about an eighth greater than the number buried, it follows that, in the T. of Decrements for Males, the numbers of the living, and consequently the prob. of living at every age, for at least 10 or 15 of the first years of life, must be given too low. The expectation of a female at birth is, according to these T., nearly 33 years; and of a male 28. The number of females therefore at Chester is to the number of males as 33 to 28, or in the proportion of 8000 to 6771, which is the proportion discovered by the survey in 1774, when the females in this city were found to be 8016 and the males 6697. He proceeds to say that these T. are further confirmed by the proportion which they give of the numbers of males and females living under 15 to the whole number. This proportion was by the T. nearly that of 4486 to 14,888; and the actual numbers found by the enumeration in 1774 were 4486 and 14,713. In like manner the number of the living above 70 was, by the same survey, found to be 625; and the T. gave this number nearly the same. He proceeds: The expectation at birth, taking males and females together, is at Chester by the T. near 31; and therefore 1 in 31 ought to die annually. But the quotient arising from dividing the number of inhabitants (14,713) by 409 (the medium of ann. burials from 1772 and 1781), will show that in reality no more than 1 in 36 die ann. The reason of this difference is, first, that the births exceed the burials, and that consequently a T. which takes the burials for its radix, must give the expectations of life too low. A second reason is the emigration of males from Chester, in consequence of which, though more males than females are born, and though males are also more short-lived, yet fewer die at Chester; many dying in the army, navy, militia, etc. The effect of the first of these causes will be particularly exemplified hereafter, in the case of the Kingdom of Sweden. Dr. Price, when commending this Table to the notice of the members of the Equitable in 1779, said: Chester is an old and very healthy town of moderate size, which has continued much the same as to populousness for a long course of years. These are circumstances which render it a situation particularly fitted for showing the true law that governs the waste of human life in all its stages. The regis. which has been estab. there is more minute and correct than any other; and it is the only one I am acquainted with that gives the difference between the chances of living among males and females, and from which it is possible to compute, with any degree of precision, the values of lives before 5 and after 70 years of age. [FEMALE LIFE.] Mr. Wm. Morgan made the following remarkable statement concerning this Table, before the Parl. Committee on F. Societies in 1827 : ... Chester is the best town for making observations, for it is a town where the inhabitants at the time Dr. Price formed his T. neither decreased nor increased much. And that being the case when we computed the T. in our office [the Equitable], both Dr. Price and myself had a doubt whether the CHESTER or the NORTHAMPTON should be adopted. Dr. Price was for the Chester as being stationary with regard to the number of its inhabitants, and therefore as affording the best data. I beg leave to observe that the Chester T. gives the values of lives a little higher than the Northampton T. Thus how near we were of altogether escaping the great controversies to which the Northampton Table has given rise! [NORTHAMPTON T.] CHETWYND'S [LORD] INS. FOR SHIPS AND BOTTOMRY.-A project under this title was set on foot in 1719, for carrying on Marine Ins. Application was made to Parl. for powers, and refused. The scheme was at one time called Ram's Ins. It afterwards merged into the London Assu. Corp. [MARINE INS., HIST. OF.] CHETWYND, MR., Assistant Sec. of the General Post Office, Lond. He was joint editor and proprietor of the Insurance Gazette, first founded 1856. In 1866 he became sole proprietor of that paper, on the retirement of his co-proprietor, Mr. H. R. Sharman. Mr. Chetwynd is believed to be the chief moving spirit in connexion with the Government scheme of Life Assu. and Annu. ; and he will find great scope for his exertions in making that scheme popular. CHEVANTIA [from the French, Chevance].-A loan or advance of money upon credit; also goods, stock, etc. CHEVISANCE [or CHIEVANCE].-Usury. An indirect gain in point of usury. Also an unlawful bargain or contract. CHICAGO.-A mercantile city situate at the south-western extremity of Lake Michigan, U.S. Some 50 years ago it consisted prob. of several log huts. On the 7th Oct., 1871, it claimed to be fourth in point of pop. and wealth in the U.S.; its inhabitants being estimated at 350,000. [At the census of 1870 its pop. was returned at 298,000, which placed it fifth in the order of cities.] On that day a fire of serious magnitude occurred; to be followed by one on the following day, which will ever be spoken of as the Chicago conflagration. By the 9th Oct., 1871, all the principal bus. portion of the city was in ruins. The fire destroyed about 12,000 buildings, covering nearly 5 square miles; the pecuniary loss being about £33,000,000! Hence this may be regarded as the largest fire the world has yet seen. We draw the following add. details from the report of the Ins. Auditor of the State of Illinois, pub. 1872: Total amount at risk [insured] in burnt district... Total amount resisted ... Total amount of losses claimed... ... ... £20,045,000 £19,274,702 36,041 £19,310,743 Of this amount there had been paid £7,599.797; the salvage and discount amounted to £1,034,752; leaving then unpaid £10,676,195; a good deal of which the offices would be unable to pay in full. The average paid on the amount claimed was 39 36 p.c., and it was believed there would be 12:54 p.c. further paid, making a total of 51'90 p.c. There were 170 American cos. upon which claims were made, and but 6 Brit. cos. The American offices sustaining the greatest loss were the following: Chicago Firemen's, £1,321,437 (not expected to pay more than 5 p.c. of that amount); Merchants, of Chicago, £1,000,000 (expected to pay from 8 to 12 p.c.); Etna, of Hartford, £820,000; Germania, of Chicago, £660,000 (will pay from 3 to 8 p.c.); Home, £614,278 (has paid in full); Hartford, £440,000; Equitable, of Chicago, £400,000 (will pay about 2 p.c.); Andes, £206,445. Most of the smaller U.S. offices interested in this fire have passed into liq. The following is the position of the Brit. offices: Salvage and £45,634 221 These amounts will be varied in relation to the offices themselves by re-insurance; and from that cause also other British cos., of which the State Auditor has no cognizance, suffered more or less severely by the conflagration. [AMERICA, BRIT. OFFICES TRADING IN.] The promptness with which the Brit. offices discharged their losses in this case has placed them in high estimation in the U.S. Several other Brit. offices have since commenced bus. there, viz. the Guardian, Lancashire, Lond. Assu. Corp., and the Universal. The larger offices have revised their risks to a considerable extent. The city is again [9th Oct., 1872], rebuilt more grandly than before. [On the day just named a fire broke out at Boston, U.S., of a most extensive and alarming character-second only in importance to this of Chicago. Most of the above-named offices and others lose heavily.] CHICHESTER.-It is recorded by William of Malmsbury, that this city lost 34,000 inhabitants from an epidemical disease which broke out A.D. 772. CHICKEN-POX (Class, ZYMOTIC; Order, Miasmatic).-Every year a certain number of deaths arise from this disease. In 1867 there were 46, viz. 22 males, 24 females. Nearly all the deaths occur within five years of birth: the greater number within one year. CHIENE, GEORGE TODD, Man. of National Guarantee and Suretyship since 1871. Was previously in practice as a Chartered Accountant. CHILD, SIR JOSIAH, Banker and Political Economist, published in 1668 a Discourse concerning Trade. The tract was written in 1665: and when pub. in 1668 did not bear the author's name, but only his initials "J. C." He advocated a reduction of the legal rate of int. to 4 or even 3 p.c. instead of 6, as it then stood. He also advanced arguments for erecting a Court of Merchants for determining controversies relating to maritime affairs. About the same date he appears to have issued another tract, Trade and Interest of Money considered. These were probably blended into one in the later eds. of his Discourse about |
