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Correct Allusions.

[Ess. II. 44.3 There are other circumstances of minor importance, in which an exact coincidence has been observed between the New Testament and the records of profane history. To mention a single instance the address of the apostle Paul to the Athenians was occasioned, as we read in the book of Acts, by his having observed in their city an altar inscribed to the unknown God. Now, the existence of. altars at Athens, dedicated to unknown Gods, is expressly mentioned by Pausanias and Philostratus. A curious story is moreover related by Diogenes Laertius respecting the lustration of the city by Epimenides, on the occasion of a great pestilence which occurred some hundred years before the Christian era. Victims were then slain in various parts of the Areopagus; and over the same places, anonymous altars were erected to the several propitious, but unknown deities, by whom the plague was stayed: In Epimenide, lib. I. cap. X. § 3.

Between Luke, the largest writer of narrative in the New Testament, and Josephus, the great historian of the Jews, who wrote during the first century, there have been discovered two or three apparent discrepancies of statement, which, were they irreconcileable, might be accounted for by the supposition of a slight degree of inaccuracy on the part of either historian; but which the indefatigable Lardner has, in fact, succeeded in reconciling. On the other hand, the accordances between the history of Josephus and those of

3 "Ergo abolendo rumore Nero subdidit reos, et quæsitissimis pœnis affecit, quos per flagitia invisos vulgus Christianos appellabat. Auctor nominis ejus Christus, Tiberio imperitante, per Procuratorem Pontium Pilatum supplicio affectus erat. Repressaque in præsens exitiabilis superstitio rursus erumpebat, non modo per Judæam originem ejus mali, sed per urbem etiam, quo cuncta undique atrocia aut pudenda confluunt."

"For the purpose, therefore, of putting an end to the report (of his having caused the conflagration of Rome) Nero falsely accused, and most cruelly punished, a class of persons hated for their crimes, who were commonly called Christians. Christ, the author of that name, was put to death as a malefactor by the procurator Pontius Pilate, during the reign of Tiberius. But this injurious superstition, although repressed for a short time, again broke out, not only in Judea, where the evil originated, but also in Rome, whither there is a conflux, from every part of the world, of all atrocious or shameful things."

Ess. II.]

Heathen and Jewish Testimonies.

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Luke and the other evangelists, in relation more especially to the various Jewish and Roman governors, whether princes, priests, or procurators, who lived in Palestine during the age of Christ and his apostles, are (as we have already observed) numerous, peculiar, and precise: see Lardner's Credibility, vol. 1. part 1.

If it be urged that the circumstances related in the gospel history, which have thus received confirmation from Jewish and heathen authors, were not the miracles of Christ and his apostles-it ought to be observed, that the accounts of those miracles in the New Testament are in so perfectly natural a manner wrought up with the rest of the narrative, and the events, miraculous and not miraculous, so intimately interwoven, that, on receiving a sufficient evidence of the truth of one part of the history, we cannot easily refuse to allow the authenticity of the whole.

The collateral testimonies of Jews and Gentiles to the miracles of Christianity are, however, neither scanty nor obscure. Josephus, in a passage of his Jewish Antiquities, of which the genuineness, although doubted by some persons, is supported by numerous critical evidences, has expressly mentioned the miracles and resurrection, as well as the life and death of Jesus: lib. XVIII. cap. iii. § 3.4

4 Γίνεται δὲ κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον Ἰησοῦς, σοφὸς ἀνὴρ, εἴγε ἄνδρα αὐτὸν λέγειν χρή. ἦν γὰρ παραδόξων ἔργων ποιητὴς, διδάσκαλος ἀνθρώπων τῶν ἡδονῇ τἀληθῆ δεχομένων· καὶ πολλοὺς μὲν Ιουδαίους, πολλοὺς δὲ καὶ τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ ἐπηγάγετο. Ὁ Χριστὸς οὗτος ἦν. Καὶ αὐτὸν, ἐνδείξει τῶν πρώτων ἀνδρῶν παρ' ἡμῖν, σταυρῷ ἐπιτετιμηκότος Πιλάτου, οὐκ ἐπαύσαντο οἵ γε πρῶτον αὐτὸν ἀγαπήσαντες. Εφάνη γὰρ αὐτοῖς τρίτην ἔχῶν ἡμέραν πάλιν ζῶν, τῶν θείων προφητῶν ταῦτά τε καὶ ἄλλα μυρία θαυμάσια περὶ αὐτοῦ εἰρηκότων. Εἰς ἔτι νῦν τῶν Χριστιανῶν ἀπὸ τοῦδε ὠνομασμένων οὐκ ÉTÉλITE TÒ PûλOV. "At that time there arose Jesus, a wise man, if, indeed, he ought to be called a man; for he was a worker of miracles, and a teacher of those persons who gave a willing ear to the truth; and he was followed by many persons, both Jews and Greeks. He was (or was called) Christ. And when Pilate, at the instigation of our leading men, had caused his crucifixion, those who had formerly loved him still persevered in their attachment. For, on the third day, he again appeared to them alive-the inspired prophets having declared these and a multitude of other wonderful things respecting him. Up to the present day the people, who from him have derived the name of Christians, continue to subsist." This passage is found in all the copies of the works of Josephus now extant, whether printed or manuscript, and also

C

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Christian Witnesses numerous.

[Ess. II. Pontius Pilate recorded the miracles of Christ in that journal of his government which, in conformity with a wellknown practice of the Romans, he appears to have transmitted to the metropolis, to be enrolled in the archives of the empire. These Acta Pilati are mentioned by Tertullian and Eusebius, and were expressly appealed to, as affording a proof of the truth of the Christian miracles, by Justin Martyr, in his public apology addressed to the emperor Antoninus and his senate: Euseb. Hist. Eccles. lib. ii. cap. 2; Tertull. Apol. cap. 21; Justin. Apol. i. pp. 65, 72, Ed. Ben. That the miracles of Christ and his apostles actually took place, was also more or less directly allowed by Celsus, Porphyry, and Julian, who, unable to refute the evidences of their reality, contented themselves with attributing these wonderful works to the power of magic; and a somewhat similar admission is made by those Jewish enemies of Christianity-the authors of the Talmud: see Lardner, 4to edit., vol. iii. 557, vol. iv. 113-149, 209-250, 311— 348.

VI. In the preceding sections, our attention has been almost exclusively directed to the credibility of the four historical writers of the New Testament-Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. These writers, however, were far indeed from being the only Christian witnesses of the truth of that miraculous history which is recorded in their Gospels. All the twelve apostles (Matthias having been substituted for Judas) and others of the earliest followers of Christ, persons who had heard his doctrine and beheld his actions, were engaged in the same work. They proclaimed the principles of Christianity, and adduced the miracles of Christ, as well as their own, in proof of the Divine origin of the religiou which they taught: see Acts x. 39, etc. That pre-e -eminent miracle, the spontaneous resurrection of their Divine Master from the dead, was more especially a fact to which they all appealed, and with the truth of which (according to their own account of the matter) they were all personally acquainted: for the apostle Paul assures us that the risen

in certain ancient translations of them; and it is quoted by Eusebius and many other fathers, in the fourth century. The objections to its genuineness are ably answered in Horne's Introd., vol. II. p. i. chap. 7.

Ess. II.

1.]

Neither Deceived nor Deceivers.

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Jesus had appeared first to Peter, then to all the apostles together, and afterwards to "five hundred brethren at once, 1 Cor. xv. 6. Now the numerous individuals, who were thus engaged in bearing their testimony to the miraculous history of the gospel, went forth as preachers of Christianity into every part of those very countries where the miracles of Christ are said to have taken place, and at a period when the whole circumstances of the case were fresh in the recollection of their hearers; and, although they were surrounded by a host of inveterate enemies, were carried before many formidable tribunals, and were subjected to the most severe examinations, (see, for example, Acts iv., xxiv., xxv., xxvi.) no want of consistency appears to have been discovered in their testimony, nor is there the slightest ground to suppose that their story met with any refutation.

To consider this branch of the subject with somewhat more of precision, it is plain that these earliest propagators of the gospel, in their capacity of witnesses of the miracles and resurrection of Christ, were neither deceived nor deceivers.

That they were not deceived appears from two considerations. First, that the apostles-the principal persons thus engaged, and who had been present with Jesus during the wnole course of his ministry-were no enthusiasts or fanatics: for the four Gospels, considered as genuine and generally credible histories, afford abundant evidence that they were simple, sober, and unsophisticated persons; that, so far from being distinguished by eager credulity, they were full of fears, prone to distrust, and peculiarly slow and cautious in the reception of Christian truth. Secondly, that the very numerous miracles, to the performance of which they bore testimony, are described as having been subjected to their frequent, yet cool and deliberate observation, and as being at the same time of far too decided a character to admit of any mistake or delusion. When, for example, the Lord Jesus, after he had publicly expired on the cross, and had been as publicly watched in his grave, repeatedly appeared alive in the midst of their company, conversed with them, ate with them, and showed them his wounds-when they saw him, heard him, and handled him-it is certain that they could not be deluded, when they admitted the fact of his resurrection.

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They appealed to their own Miracles.

[Ess. II. That the apostles were not deceivers, is a point equally susceptible of moral demonstration. The entire candour and honesty, manifested by two of their number in recording the humiliation of their Master, as well as their own faults and those of their brethren, have already been noticed; nor can any thing be more evident than the simplicity and godly sincerity which distinguish the Epistles of Paul, Peter, James, Jude, and John. Jesus himself was denominated the "Truth;" and from various passages of the New Testament it is manifest that a deep sense of the importance of truth was one principal characteristic of his followers. The personal virtue of the apostles is indeed indisputable. They were engaged in propagating the strictest code of morality which had ever been heard of in the world; and they were thus engaged under sanctions and motives of unspeakable weight and moment. More especially, it was a doctrine explicitly recognised among them that Satan was the father of lies, and that liars were exposed to eternal punishment in the world to come: see John viii. 44; Rev. xxii. 15.

The veracity of the apostles may also be justly measured by their disinterestedness. They sought no temporal advantages; they pursued no outward emoluments; they engaged in a career fraught with inconveniences, dangers, labours, and sorrows; they gave up all that was naturally dear to them, and sacrificed their pleasures, their comforts, and their worldly hopes, to the welfare of mankind and to the service of a crucified Redeemer. Their cause was the cause of righteousness, and in support of that holy cause they exposed themselves, without reserve, to "cruel mockings and scourgings," to "the spoiling of their goods," to "bonds and imprisonments," and, finally, to the violent infliction of death itself.

Since, then, the original witnesses of the Christian miracles were of so sober and cautious a character, and were placed under such circumstances, with respect to the miracles, that they could not be deceived; and since their acknowledged virtue and disinterestedness afford the most satisfactory evidence that they could not be deceivers, I know not how the impartial inquirer can escape from the conclusion, that the story which they told is true.

VII. The earliest preachers of the gospel were enabled,