GENERAL STEWART, August 16th, 1803, lost N. E. trade in lat. 14° N. long. 27° W.; was then perplexed with light breezes from S. to S. S. W. and stood to the S. E. On the 31st, was in lat. 6° N., long. 150 W. stood to the westward till in lat. 1° N., long. 27° W. September 10th, the wind then veering to S. S. E., saw Fernando Noronha and anchored there on the 15th. The well being nearly dry, and a high surf, procured only 9 butts of water at this place; sailed 19th, and made the Brazil coast on the 20th, in lat. 7° 10' S.; on the 21st and 22d, the wind at S. S. E. to S. E., tacked several times at 5 or 6 miles from the shore; at noon 22d, in lat. 7° 48′ S. the wind veered to E. S. E. and E. by S., stood to the southward, and saw the coast no more.

WARREN HASTINGS, May 5th, 1803, lost northeast trade in lat. 9° 30′ N. long. 23° 40′ W. and got S. E. trade 21st, in lat. 2o N. long. 25 W. The trade being scant, made the Brazil coast 28th, in lat. 8° 30'S.; on the 29th, the wind veering more easterly, lost sight of the coast in lat. 9° S. Whilst in sight of the land, had soundings from 25 to 40 fathoms.

TELLICHERRY, May 10th, 1802, lost northeast trade in lat. 7° N. long. 25° W. and got S. E. trade 14th, in lat. 3° N. long. 27° W.; had the trade far southerly, and saw Fernando Noronha 20th; tacked to northeastward for 30 hours, saw the island again 22d, and passed to leeward of it; saw the Brazil coast 24th, and was obliged to tack frequently near it for several days, the wind southeasterly; in lat. 8° 06' S. on the 30th, with a steady wind at S. E. and S. E. by E. was enabled to stand to the southward without tacking again.

CUFFNELLS, May 28th, 1802, lost northeast trade in lat. 810 N. long. 22° W. and got S. E. trade June 4th, in lat. 5° N. long. 21° W. From the equator, had a current setting W. and W. by N. from 30 to 52 miles daily, till the coast of Brazil was in sight 14th, in lat. 8° S.; tacked to the N. E. and stood on this tack near two days, then tacked to the southward, and saw the land no more.

SIR EDWARD HUGHES, May 23d, 1802, lost N. E. trade in lat. 6° N. long. 23° W. and got the wind at S. S. E. 25th, in lat. 5° N. long. 23° 30′ W. The trade kept far south, and the current set westward strong. June 2d, saw Fernando Noronha, made several tacks till the Brazil coast was seen about Cape Augustine, June 7th ; had some hard squalls here. In lat. 13° S. the wind veered to E. S. E. and to E. by N. June 13th, in 17° S. latitude.

HENRY DUNDAS, October 20th, 1797, lost N. E. trade in sight of the Cape Verd Islands, and crossed the equator November 4th, in long. 30° 30′ W. with a scant S. E. trade. On

the 8th, made the Brazil coast in 6o 50' S. about Cape Ledo. The wind became more favorable near the land..

BOMBAY CASTLE, and fleet, June 27th, 1795, at 3 A. M. in lat. about 7° S. had 18 fathoms on the Brazil coast, and tacked; the wind continued from southeastward, with very little current, till she arrived at St. Salvadore, July 7. They had 64° westerly current from Palma to the coast of Brazil.

EUROPE and fleet, October 16th, 1805, lost northeast trade in lat. 11° N. long. 28° W. and got southeast trade 26th, in lat. 4o N. long. 29° W. November 4th, in lat. 6o S. saw the Brazil coast; had the wind near the land at E. by S. and E. S. E. stood to the southward along the coast: on the 7th, were in 18 and 19 fathoms, off Pernambuco or Fernambuco point; on the 8th, in lat. 10° 40′ S. the wind veered from E. by S. to E. by N. and E. N. E. no land in sight; worked into the Bay of All Saints, on the 10th, the wind at E. and E. by S. By crossing the equator too far west, the Company's ship Britannia, and King George transport, were wrecked on the Roccas Shoal in the morning of the 1st November, and several other ships in the fleet, narrowly escaped this dangerous shoal.

Brazil Coast.-Headlands, and principal Harbours, with Sailing Directions.

CAPE ROQUE, the N. E. extremity of Brazil, appears to be in lat. about 5° 10' S.* long. about 35° 40′ W. by observations taken, in the East India ship King George, in 1792, and the northern extremity of the breakers on the bank of Cape Roque, she made in lat. 4° 53' S. which lies 6 or 7 leagues northward from the Cape.

CAPE LEDO, in lat. 6o 50' S. long. 35° 7' W. by mean of several ship's lunar observations, forms the outer extreme of the land bounding Paraiba river, which is a place of considerable trade, having 24 fathoms on the bar at low water. Between Cape Roque and this place, the coast is generally lined by reefs, with soundings extending to a considerable distance, but near Cape Ledo the bank is steep, as the distance from no sound

Cape Roque is probably a little more to the south than here stated, although laid down in lat. 5 degrees S. in several charts. The Active, already noticed, of having fallen to leeward of this cape, made it in lat. 5 degrees 34 minutes S. by noon observation, when passing between it and the bank in 1811; but probably more confidence should be placed in the observations of the King George, though taken at a considerable distance from the cape, as they seem to have been inexperienced observers on board the Active.

ings to 14 fathoms near the shore, is only about three miles, which makes great caution necessary in approaching this part of the coast in the night, because the reefs project out to a considerable distance.

CAPE ST. AUGUSTINE, in lat. 8° 28′ S. long. 34° 50′ W. is formed of a ridge of high land projecting into the sea, with the fort N. W. de Nazareth on the summit of the hill over the cape.* Pernambuco in lat. 89 12' S. about 6 leagues to the northward of this cape, is a place of great trade, being the port of the city of Alinda: the entrance is narrow, with 4 fathoms in it at low water, nor is there room for many large ships inside, by which a pilot is necessary to conduct a ship into this port. The reef which forms the harbour extends nearly north and south, having a small tower or fort on its northern extremity, and ships steering westward for the entrance of the harbour, must haul close round this extremity of the reef, and be ready to drop their anchor in the harbour, which stretches southward within the reef. Large ships in want of refreshments, may anchor in the road well out, and get the needful supplies, where they will be enabled to proceed to sea, on the appearance of blowing weather.

From Cape St. Augustine, the coast takes a direction about S by W. several leagues, then south southwesterly to the reefs of St. Francisco in lat. about 10° 48′ S. which lie about a league off shore, having a passage within them for small vessels. From hence, the coast lies nearly S. W. to the Bay of All Saints, having a reef lining it in many places, which forms a few intermediate harbours for small vessels.

If a large ship make the land about Capes Ledo or St. Augustine, it will be prudent not to approach it under 25 or 20 fathoms in proceeding to the southward, for with due caution, the soundings are generally a sufficient guide.

BAHIA DE TODOS SANTOS, or harbour of S. Salvadore, is an extensive basin with several islands in it, the entrance being bounded by the large island Tapoa or Taporica on the west side, and on the east side of the peninsula on which the city of St. Salvadore is built. Cape St. Antonio, or Cape St. Salvadore, is the S. W. extremity of the peninsula, on which stands Fort Cabo, situated in lat. 12° 58' S. long. 38° 13′ W. by mean of lunar observations taken in the E. I. company's ships; from the cape a shoal bank projects south and southeastward to the distance of 2 miles, called the shoal of St. Antonio, on which the tide makes ripplings, but there is said to be not less than 4

A new lighthouse has been erected at Pernambuco. Being revolving, it can be readily distinguished from the lights of the city,-Extract from the Freeman's Journal, Philadelphia, April 17th, 1822.

fathoms water on it. The island Taporica is lined with a shoal bank that bounds the west side of the channel, and must be avoided the depths are 10 and 12 fathoms in the fair track, a little outside the entrance of the harbour, deepening to 15 or 20 fathoms farther in.

With a fair wind, when Cape St. Salvadore is approached within 4 or 5 miles, it should be brought to bear N. by E. or N. by E. E., and when Fort Cabo is on this bearing, steer N. E. or N. by E. direct for the harbour, borrowing on the cape bank if the wind be easterly; or as soon as Monserrate Point is seen open with the cape point, (which is the first point to the northward on the east side of the harbour) steer right in.

The pilots say, that a ship may borrow on the cape bank to 5 fathoms with a steady breeze, but not under 15 fathom with little wind. Should the wind be at E. N. E. or N. E. a ship may work in with safety, taking care to avoid the western shore; and a pilot will come off, if the signal be made. Having entered the harbour and neared Fort Balco, pass it in 14 fathoms about half a mile distant, then anchor abreast the city, in 8, 10, or 12 fathoms, about 1 or 1 mile off: the bottom is sandy in some places.

The Glatton moored in 8 fathoms, sand, shells, and coral, had the flagstaff of the fort abreast the city bearing E. N. E.

N. distant 1 mile, Fort Balco S. W. about one mile, extremes of the island Taporica from N. W. by W. to W. S. W. distant 4 or 5 miles. There is a lighthouse on the cape. point, to guide ships in the night. High water at 24 hours on full and change of moon.

This port is sometimes visited by outward bound East India ships in want of refreshments, but its situation being in the middle of the S. E. trade, navigators are cautious of touching here, thinking they may find it difficult to get to the south afterward, on account of adverse winds, said (in some old books) to blow along the coast from the southward from March to September; but the East India ships have never found any difficulty in getting from this port to the southward, even in the most unfavourable months, June, July, and August, for the wind generally draws well to the eastward here, and more so, as you proceed to the southward.

PORTO SEGURO, or SEGUIRO, in lat. 16° 41' S. is a place of considerable trade, but will not admit large ships, and the road outside is said to be foul ground: shoals lie about 5 miles to the E. N. E. of the river's mouth, which must be left to the northward in proceeding to the road. If a ship touch here a pilot will be necessary.

ABROLHOS BANK, or BRAZIL BANK, extends from lat. 16°

to 19° S., having various depths from 20 to 60 fathoms, and on the parallel of 18° 36' S. it projects about 55 leagues east from Point Abrolhos, or to long. 36° W.; but farther to the northward it approaches much nearer to the coast. It seems not to be a continued bank, but probably is formed of several detached parts, with deep water between them; as soundings have been got by many ships far out on the bank, when others between them and the coast, had no bottom with 100 fathoms of line.

Royal Charlotte, Brunswick, and Glatton, left St. Salvadore 5th June, 1803, and on the day following, in lat. 16° 0' S. long. 37° 48′ W. had soundings of 22 and 25 fathoms; steered from thence 15 miles S. S. E. to S. E. gradually deepening to 60 fathoms.

Warren Hastings, 3d June, 1803, in lat. 16° 0' S. long. 38° 42 W. by lunars, and 38° 54' W. by chronometers, had 23 fathoms, then steered between S. E. and S. S. E. 19 miles, in 22, 23, 25, 30, and 35 fathoms, and soon after had no ground 70 fathoms.

David Scott, 28th June, 1810, in lat. 16° 35' S. long. 38° 26 W. had from 19 to 24 fathoms; the coast in sight, bearing W. S. W. distant about 17 leagues.

The soundings of the ships stated above, appear to have been on the northernmost part of the Brazil Bank, which is probably a detached part projecting about 26 or 28 leagues from the coast, as all these ships lost soundings steering south southeastward.

Busbridge, 5th June 1792, in lat. 18° 35' S. long. 35′ 54° W. by chronometers, and 35° 56′ W. by lunar observations, had soundings 30, 32, and 33 fathoms coral rock, probably near the eastern verge of the Bank of Abrolhas.

Dorsetshire, got no soundings, in passing not far from the situation where the Busbridge had ground. Variation on the verge of the Bank 3° E. 1803.

Sir Edward Hughes, 13th June 1802, in lat. 17° 18' S. long. 36° 15′ W. got no ground with 100 line; steered S. E. by S. 32 miles, no ground 100 fathoms; steered S. E. 22 miles, and got no ground 65 fathoms..

Upon this outer Bank of Abrolhas, to the eastward of the islands of the same name, there is no danger, and it is a guide for ships approaching the coast, although there appear to be deep gaps or chasms in it, particularly to the northward of 18° south latitude.

ABROLHAS ISLANDS, in lat. 18° 1' S. long. 38° 25′ W. distant about 12 leagues from the coast, consist of 4 small isles near each other, with some rocks and shoals adjoining; they are destitute of water, but abound with rats and turtle. There is said to be 6 or 7 fathoms off the east point of the easternmost