V. LONDON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. 48. Describe the changes in the treatment of land that were in progress under Henry VII. and Henry VIII. 49. Which are the great manufacturing districts of the German Empire ? Mention the staple industries of the chief towns in each district, and the nearest seaports. 50. Sketch the commercial relations of England and Flanders in Edward the Third's reign. What was their effect on the foreign policy of that king? 50a. Discuss the effect upon English or Irish commercial and industrial development of the work of Sir Walter Raleigh, Adam Smith, Richard Cobden. 51. Trace the course of a steam vessel from Southampton to Bombay. How could the journey be shortened by a traveller going overland? 52. Explain the cause of the Trade Winds. How do these winds affect the course of a vessel going from England to Cape Colony? 53. What were the objects of the Navigation Act of 1651, and in what wars did it involve England? 54. Explain the historical origin of the terms-a florin, a guinea, Lombard Street, the Danish steelyard, showing what foreign nations were principally concerned with English commerce in the Middle Ages. 54a. Designate the different parties to a Bill of Exchange endorsed. Explain clearly: Dock Warrant, Protest, Drawback, Collateral Security. 546. Make out the Account Sales of 100 bales cotton shipped by Messrs. Dosabhoy and Co., Bombay, per Sumatra, for sale on their account and returns to them, to Mr. J. Wells, London. Net weight, 60,000 lbs., at 4s. per lb. Specify the charges which, together with freight, amount to £65, commission 2 per cent. Remit proceeds by a Bank Bill on Bombay, and draw out the Bill. 55. What do you understand by Free Trade and Protection ? Give historical instances of measures promoting each, and the Ministers who principally supported Free Trade. VI. MANCHESTER CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. (Conducted by the Victoria University.) 56. What is the cause of winds and rain? In Europe which winds bring rain and which are dry winds? 57. What is the cause of currents in the ocean? Show on a map the currents that are most important, either from their influence upon climate or upon navigation. 58. Which do you consider the greatest barrier to commercial and national intercourse-rivers, seas, or mountains? Illustrate your answer by applying it to the case of England, France, Spain, Italy, Germany, and Austria. 59. The soil of Ireland is excellently suited to the growth of flax, which yields raw material for the chief industry of Ireland, as well as producing linseed, from which valuable products are got. Has the cultivation of this valuable plant received much attention in Ireland? If so, in what districts? If not, what is the reason? 60. Write on letter paper, fold, put in an envelope and address, a letter to an American gentleman named Samuel Johnson, a stranger in England, explaining to him the best way of getting from Liverpool to Manchester, and directing him how to find his way to a lawyer's chambers in King Street. He is at present stopping at the Adelphi Hotel in Liverpool. 61. A banker borrows a sum of money at 31 per cent. and pays the interest (simple) at the end of the year: he lends it out at 5 per cent., but receives the interest (also simple) every half year, and by this gains £200 a year. How much did he borrow? 62. A ship's hold 36 ft. long, 13 ft. broad, and 13 ft. 6 in. deep, is completely filled with two sizes of cloth bales, one size measuring 3 ft. x 2 ft. x 1 ft., and the other 4 ft. x 3 ft. x 11 ft., there being two of the smaller bales for every three of the larger. How many bales are there in all? 63. State in detail the influence of latitude on the commercial development of a country, and on its settlement by a European population. 64. Supposing a young farmer asked your advice as to whether he should emigrate to Manitoba or Natal, what advice would you give, and why? 65. Explain the terms 'active trade' and 'passive,' and illustrate both, from history as well as from recent and existing commerce. 66. How and why are consuls appointed? Have all like powers? 67. What are the three principal articles of import on which Customs' duties are levied? On what proportion or percentage of the total imports of the United Kingdom are Customs' duties levied? 68. What do you know of the Customs' tariff of Australia and New Zealand? 69. A tradesman's expenses are 12 per cent. of his receipts, and he allows his customers 5 per cent. abatement for cash, how much per cent. above cost price must he mark his goods to make a profit of 10 per cent. on his capital? 70. I owe £500 now, and £500 at the end of two years. Shall I gain or lose by paying £1000 at the end of one year? If the rate of interest be 41 per cent., how much shall I gain or lose by so doing? 71. The capital of a railway company consists of £19,000,000 4 per cent. debentures, £37,000,000 5 per cent. preference stock, and £20,000,000 ordinary stock. The receipts are £8 per mile per day; the length is 2,500 miles; the working expenses are 55 per What dividend can it pay on the ordinary stock? cent. 72. At a certain date some London bankers held £16,000,000 cash reserves against £126,000,000 liabilities. Subsequently they held £17,500,000 cash reserves, but they had diminished the ratio of reserves to liabilities by 20 per cent. What were their liabilities at the later date? 73. Explain the following terms :-Depreciation, gross profits, trading account, revenue account. 74. "The Lord Mayor yesterday remitted to Madras by telegraph £2000 as a first instalment on account of the Indian Famine Fund." Explain by what expedients the transfer is effected, and give the entries in London and Madras books respectively. VIII. INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS. 75. What classes of contracts are prohibited by common law or statute? What is the difference in law between an illegal and a void contract? 76. Explain the term partnership, and state whether the execution of a deed defining the conditions of the partnership is an absolute necessity. State briefly the liability of partners (1) as to each other, (2) as to the world generally, and state whether there can be membership in a firm with a participation in profits without liability to the firm's creditors. 77. In what cases does a purchaser of personal property from a person not the owner obtain a good title to it? 78. A enters into a contract with B to sell iron ore, to be delivered by monthly instalments against acceptances at one month. The third instalment is rejected as not being up to sample, but the acceptance for the second instalment is dishonoured at maturity. What are the rights and liabilities of the parties? 79. What do you consider to be the essence of good bookkeeping, and are you of opinion that the double-entry system is applicable to all kinds of trading? Can you give any instance where the preference should be given to single entry? 80. In a business where it is the rule to draw upon customers for sales and to accept for purchases, the drafts being paid direct into the bank and discounted, briefly explain the several entries that would be made to give effect to such transactions. 81. Explain the object of a suspense account, and in what special cases would you deem such an account absolutely essential? 82. What is a trial balance, and at what stage of the general balancing of accounts should it be taken out? After a trial balance has been taken and found correct, what further entries are usually necessary for the purpose of adjusting the accounts? 83. Mention some of the mistakes which bookkeepers are liable to make in posting from one book to another. 84. A receiving order is made against a debtor. State very concisely the successive steps between the making of such an order and adjudication in bankruptcy, where that result follows. IX. OXFORD UNIVERSITY EXTENSION.' 85. Compare the mediaeval gilds and the modern trades-unions as regards (1) their objects, (2) their success in attaining them. 86. " England in the Tudor period is still primarily a country engaged in agriculture." What conditions gave rise to the subsequent development of manufactures and commerce? 87. When was the Hanseatic League at the zenith of its greatness? How is its decline to be accounted for? 88. To what economic causes can the rapid decline of Spain after the 16th century be attributed? 89. Sketch the history of the English coinage, noting the varying relations at different times between gold and silver. 90. Explain carefully the meaning of the Mercantile System, and criticise its defects. |