and the early part of the 19th centuries, Emanuel Bowen, William Faden, Thomas Jeffreys, the two Arrowsmiths, Aaron and John, the latter a nephew of the former, and Johnston.

Some of the maps are naturally more illustrative of the history of the times than others. Map 39 shows the line of forts constructed by the several provinces of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, as a protectior against the attacks of the French and their Indian allies. A map published by Bowen the Geographer Royal in 1768 purports to distinguish the British, Spanish and French possessions according to the Treaty of 1763. "The whole," it is claimed, "is laid out according to the latest and most authentic improvements," yet it shows as did some other maps of the period, the State of New York as extending up to the St. Lawrence at Sorel, and thus embracing a large section of what are now the "Eastern Townships" of the Province of Quebec. A more correct boundary is shown in "A New and Correct Map of North America" (No. 179), published in 1777, and stated to have been "corrected from the original materials of Governor Pownall, member of Parliament." Pownall had spent some years in America, and had filled the office of Governor of Massachusetts. This circumstance, coupled with an earlier connection with the British Board of Plantations, had given him extensive information in regard to colonial matters. He also possessed considerable skill, it is stated, in map-construction. The map now in question shows the Apalachian mountains as the general western boundary of the Atlantic colonies, the hinterland between that and the Mississippi north of the Ohio forming part of the cession made by France to England.

The Atlantic Neptune series, of which frequent mention is made in the catalogue, was the work of J. W. Desbarres, a British military engineer, who was employed as assistant engineer under General Wolfe at Quebec, and was afterwards entrusted with the task of making surveys on the Atlantic coast of North America. The maps produced by him form five folio valumes and have been described as "the most splendid collection of charts, plans and views ever published."

LA NOUVELLE FRANCE.

In this section will be found maps taken from the works of the early French explorers, Champlain, Jolliet, Hennepin and others; also maps founded on surveys made under British authority after the Conquest. Of the latter the most celebrated and interesting is undoubtedly that made on a very large scale by order of General Murray, and bearing date 1763, in which all the parishes lying along the course of the St. Lawrence from Cap Tourmente below Quebec, to the Cedars some forty miles above Montreal, are shown in great detail. A description of this map, which forms an important historical document, is given in Appendix C.

A later map of Canada (No. 289) compiled by order of Lord Dorchester, and completed in 1795, is also of interest showing, as it does, the country from the river Montmorency in the east to the limit of the surveys that had been made on the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa.

Mention should also be made of the well-known "Mitchell's Map" of 1755 (No. 267) showing "the British colonies in America with the Roads, Distances, Limits and Extent of the Settlements," which was one of the principal documents made use

of in connection with the boundary negotiations between Great Britain and the United States, which were brought to a conclusion by the Ashburton Treaty of 1842. On this map are indicated the boundaries between French and English territory according to the French and English constructions of the Treaty of Utrecht, which differed very materially.

A sketch published in 1755 (No. 263) shows the several routes of the French from Quebec to the Mississippi. It is noted on the map that the journey from Montreal to New Orleans by Presqu'ile (Oswego) and the Ohio, considered to be the most expeditious route, generally takes about four months, and that from Montreal to Michillimackinac about three months. The name Toronto appears as given to a fort on the site of the present city of Toronto.

Some valuable maps were produced by the Surveyor General of the Province of Lower Canada, Mr. Joseph Bouchette. Among these may be mentioned No. 581, a map of the entire Province, published by Faden of London in 1815; an earlier map. dated 1805 of the townships south of the St. Lawrence in which granted are distinguished from ungranted lands, and the proportional reserves for the maintenance of a Protestant clergy are indicated; and No. 598, dated 1829, in which "the new subdivisions of the Province by counties are shown." Mention may also be made of "A new Map of the Province of Lower Canada, describing all the Seigniories, Townships and Grants of Land, &c.," by Samuel Holland, Surveyor General, published by Wyld of London, in 1825.

The route of the Canadian couriers between Montreal and Skeensborough, which appears to have occupied the site of the present town of Whitehall at the head of Lake Champlain, is indicated on Map 575, which also shows the two forts built on the Richelieu river (here called the Sorel) at Chambly and St. Johns for the protection of the country from the south, and, particularly in the early days, from the attacks of the Iroquois.

In different maps can be traced the subdivision of Canada into counties at successive dates and the changes made in the names of counties. It will be noticed how large a proportion of the maps and plans are of military origin, attesting the importance attached by the Home Government to the defences of Canada, and pointing to a considerable expenditure for that object.

UPPER CANADA-ONTARIO.

Among the maps in this section illustrating incidents in the history of the country may be mentioned a plan (No. 1571) of Navy Island in the Niagara river a short distance above the Falls, which was occupied by the rebels under Mackenzie and Van Rensellaer in December, 1837. The plan takes in the neighbouring village of Chippewa and shows on the opposite shore the village of Schlosser where the steamer Caroline, which had been bringing supplies and reinforcements to the rebels, was cut out from its moorings and set on fire by a party of men under the command of Captain Drew, R.N.

A plan made in 1788 (No. 1602) of "the Entrance of the River from Lake Erie to Detroit," might be used to illustrate a hostile movement made by a body of American sympathizers with the rebellion just fifty years later against a settlement on the Canadian shore at what is now the town of Amherstburg. The island of Bois Blanc

is shown, of which the enemy, whose attempt was entirely defeated, took a brief possession.

A "Map of the American lakes and adjoining country, the present seat of war between Great Britain and the United States (No. 16971), possesses interest as having been "done in part from a sketch by Major General Sir Isaac Brock." The sites of engagements and encampments in the war of 1812 are marked.

The lands acquired by the Canada Company in 1826 are shown in several plans, 1719, 1720, 1723, &c. In the last mentioned the site of the future town of Galt, called after John Galt, the first manager of the company in Canada, is indicated.

The earlier hisory of the country is illustrated by a plan of Fort Frontenac or Katarakouy, dated 1685. The fort, first built by Frontenac in 1673, was destroyed by order of a later governor, the Marquis de Denonville, in 1689. Frontenac returning to Canada in the same year caused the fort to be rebuilt. There are two later plans of the fort made by De Léry and De Léry, fils, in 1726 and 1738, respectively, showing the same general outlines, but with some internal improvements.

The lake and river surveys made by Lieut. Bayfield, R.N., in 1817 and 1818 are represented by several maps in this section.

The Abbé Galinée's map of 1669, "Carte du Canada et des terres découvertes vers le lac d'Erie," reprinted by the Ontario Historical Society, is of interest as a very early attempt at representing the geographical outlines of western Canada. A note on this map describes the district now embraced in the Ontario counties of Norfolk and Oxford as "le plus beau lieu que j'aie vu pour l'abondance des arbres fruitiers, &c.," (the most beautiful country I have ever seen for the abundance of its fruit trees) and adds that there is splendid hunting for deer, bear, wildcat and beaver. Memories of the war of 1812 are again revived by a plan (No. 2066) of part of the Niagara frontier, embracing a sketch very clearly drawn of the battle of Lundy's Lane, 25th July, 1814.

The progress of settlement in Upper Canada is exhibited by a map (No. 2107) published by Faden of London in 1825, showing the located districts. North of Lake Ontario four tiers of townships have been laid out as well as considerable districts in the Western Peninsula. Some of the older towns as Sandwich, Amherstburg, Ancaster, Queenston, Newark (Niagara), Whitby, Port Hope, Brockville, &c., are shown, but not as yet St. Thomas, Guelph, St. Catherines, or Bytown (Ottawa). Lord Selkirk's purchase of land to the east of the Grand River (here called the Ouse) is marked; and there is a note relating to an exploration made by Lieut. Catty, R.E., in 1819, for a communication between the lakes running northeast from Balsam Lake to Lake Chat on the Ottawa. The map made by Lieut. Catty in connection with the exploration in question is also in this section.

Of local interest as regards the city of Ottawa are a number of plans by which its growth from the first formation of a settlement may be traced. One of these is a "Copy of the Original Plan of Bytown in the time of Col. By," and shows the lots and the names of the property owners or leaseholders on Rideau, George, York, Clarence, Murray and St. Patrick streets. A beaver meadow on Rideau street is marked. The south side of Rideau street is not shown.

The first division of Upper Canada into counties after the passing of the Act of 1791 is exhibited by a plan drawn by order of Lieut.-Gov. Simcoe in 1795. A map compiled at his request a few years later, and published by Faden of London

in 1800, shows the state of settlement of the Province at that time. The portion of the Province now forming the counties of Huron, Bruce, Grey, Lambton, Perth and Wellington, with parts of Oxford and Kent, is described, without any other designation, as "Great Tract of Woodland." In the central part of the Province no townships are laid out north of Rice Lake on the Trent River. "Salmon fisheries " are indicated as existing at several places on the north shore of Lake Ontario. A proposed canal is sketched connecting Lake Simcoe with Lake Ontario, and having its Ontario outlet near Pickering, some twenty miles east of Toronto.

A map dated 1819 (No. 2774) of the central part of Upper Canada shows the seat of war in 1812-1814, and, incidentally, the Clergy Reserves for the lands assigned to the Six Nations, and the Crown Reserves for the County of Lincoln.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

A number of the maps and plans of Prince Edward Island go back in date to the period of French occupation, when the island was known as Ile St. Jean, and the capital (now Charlottetown) as Port La Joie. Others were made in the time of the early British governors, and under their direction; others again by British military or hydrographic engineers.

NOVA SCOTIA.

The French maps of Nova Scotia include Nicolas Denys' map (No. 2949) taken from his work "Description Géographique et Historique de l'Amérique Septentrionale," published in 1672 and lately republished by the Champlain Society of Canada with translation and notes; also a plan of the siege of Louisburg (No. 2979) under Admiral Boscawen on the 26th July, 1758, the original of which is in the Library of Congress at Washington. In this plan, somewhat crudely drawn, the British and French fleets are depicted as well as the landing of troops, skirmishes on shore, houses in flames, &c. There is an English plan of Annapolis Royal at the time of its surrender to the British in 1710. There are many plans of Halifax and its harbour, some belonging to the French period, when the name Chibucto (variously spelt) was given to it. An English plan (No. 3109) shows "the city and fortifications of Louisburg" at the date of its capture (17th June, 1745) by an expedition from New England aided by an English fleet. "A New Map of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island, with the adjacent parts of New England and Canada,” published by Sayer & Bennett, of London, in 1775, bears the name of Thomas Jefferys, Geographer Royal to the King, who claims to have "regulated it by many new astronomical observations." Military plans and also geological ones are numerous.

NEW BRUNSWICK.

Maps and plans of the French period are comparatively few. One of these is a map of the Baie des Chaleurs made in 1724 by M. L'Hermitte, Royal Engineer. There are plans of St. John and its harbour dating back to 1784. A plan of the River St. John is given (No. 3443) "whereon are delineated the several allotments of land granted, and laid out to be granted, to loyal emigrants and disbanded corps, done under the orders and directions of His Excellency Governor Parr." Map 3491 shows

the route of H. M. 85th Regiment from Fredericton to Canada, the various claimed boundary lines, roads, &c., and is a memorial of a time when the boundary between the State of Maine and Canada was still a matter of controversy and anxiety. Military, geological and public service plans of various kinds make up a large part of the list.

NEWFOUNDLAND.

Among the maps of Newfoundland is found a chart of the island with the rocks and soundings, drawn from surveys made under orders from the Admiralty by James Cook, the celebrated navigator, and Michael Lane. There is a chart of the coast by Des Barres, as well as maps of the Harbours of St. Johns and Placentia by Bellin (Petit Atlas Maritime), &c.

MANITOBA, ALBERTA, SASKATCHEWAN, BRITISH COLUMBIA AND YUKON.

The maps of these provinces consist chiefly of government, railway, and geological surveys of comparatively recent date.

DOMINION OF CANADA.

This section consists chiefly of maps made by different departments of the Dominion government. A few only antedate Confederation. The Admiralty Charts, however, of the River St. Lawrence between Quebec and Kingston, and also the plans accompanying Lieut. Phillpotts' reports (1840 and 1841) on "the Inland Navigation of the Canadas," are included under this head.

TRANSPORTATION, RAILWAYS AND CANALS, ETC.

The maps and plans in this section throw light on the development of internal communications by land and water in Canada. An early condition of things is exhibited in a map (No. 3821) "showing the line of road by which the mail passes from Fredericton to Quebec, with the different stage houses on the said road. No. 3823 gives a list of railways as existing in 1853, and later sketches bring the statistics. of the subject practically down to the present time.

BOUNDARY MAPS.

Under this head are included a certain number of coast maps, as well as boundary maps in the more ordinary sense. The boundaries of Quebec, according to the Royal Proclamation of 7th October, 1763, are shown in map 3883, founded on the French Surveys Connected with those made after the War. By Captain Carver, and Other Officers in His Majesty's Service." A number of maps and sketches in this section bear on the Maine boundary question, and others on that of the dividing line between Lower Canada and New Brunswick. Map 3940 shows "Canada divided into counties and ridings as per Union Bill.”