Which one of our Jesuits is so far from being ashamed to defend, that he dareth to extend it further to the mediation of other saints also: telling us very peremptorily, that " as our Lord Jesus worketh greater miracles by his saints than by himselfe, so often he sheweth the force of their intercession more than of his own."

All which I do lay down thus largely, not because I take any delight in rehearsing those things, which deserve rather to be buried in everlasting oblivion: but first, that the world may take notice, what kind of monster is nourished in the papacy under that strange name of Hyperdulia: the bare discovery whereof, I am persuaded, will prevail as much with a mind that is touched with any zeal of God's honour, as all other arguments and authorities whatsoever. Secondly, that such unstable souls as look back unto Sodom, and have a lust to return unto Egypt again, may be advised to look a little into this sink, and consider with themselves whether the steam that ariseth from thence be not so noisome, that it is not to be endured by one that hath any sense left in him of piety. And thirdly, that such as be established in the present truth, may be thankful to God for this great mercy vouchsafed unto them, and make this still one part of their prayers: From all Romish Dulia and Hyperdulia, good Lord deliver us.

Henr. Fitz-Simon, of the Mass. lib. 2. part 2. chap. 3.

e John, chap. 14. ver. 12.

OF IMAGES.

WITH prayer to saints, our challenger joineth the use of holy images: which what it hath been and still is in the Church of Rome, seeing he hath not been pleased to declare unto us in particular, I hope he will give us leave to learn from others. "Ita is the doctrine then of the Roman Church, that the images of Christ and the saints should with pious religion be worshipped by Christians:" saith Zacharias Boverius the Spanish friar, in his late consultation directed to our most noble prince Charles, "the" hope of the Church of England," and "the future felicity of the world," as even this Balaam himself doth style him. The representations of God, and of Christ, and of angels, and of saints, "ared not only painted that they may be shewed as the cherubims were of old in the temple, but that they may be adored, as the frequent use of the Church doth testify:" saith cardinal Cajetan. So Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, in his provincial council held at Oxford in the year MCCCCVIII.

a Doctrina est Romanæ Ecclesiæ, Christi et sanctorum imagines pia religione a Christianis colendas esse. Zach. Boverius, in orthodoxa consultat. de ratione veræ fidei et religionis amplectanda. part. 2. regul. 1. pag. 189. edit. Matrit. ann. 1623.

b Serenissime Carole, spes Anglicanæ ecclesiæ. Id. part. 1. regul. 4. pag. 58. c Princeps futura orbis fœlicitas. Id. part. 2. regul. 2. pag. 196.

d Non solum pinguntur, ut ostendantur, sicut Cherubim olim in templo, sed ut adorentur: ut frequens usus Ecclesiæ testatur.

quæst. 25. artic. 3.

VOL. III.

Cajetan. in 3. part. Thomæ,

KK

established this constitution following: "From henceforth let it be taught commonly and preached by all, that the cross and the image of the crucifix and the rest of the images of the saints, in memory and honour of them whom they figure, as also their places and relics, ought to be worshipped with processions, bendings of the knee, bowings of the body, incensings, kissings, offerings, lighting of candles, and pilgrimages; together with all other manners and forms whatsoever, as hath been accustomed to be done in our or our predecessors' times." And in the Roman Catechism set out by the appointment of the council of Trent, the parish priest is required to declare unto his parishioners, "not only that it is lawful to have images in the church, and to give honour and worship unto them, (forasmuch as the honour which is done unto them, is referred unto the things which they represent) but also that this hath still been done to the great good of the faithful;" and that "the" images of the saints are put in churches, as well that they may be worshipped, as that we being admonished by their example, might conform ourselves unto their life and manners."

Now for the manner of this worship, we are told by one of their bishops, that "ith must not only be confessed,

e Ab omnibus deinceps doceatur communiter atque prædicetur, crucem et imaginem crucifixi cæterasque imagines sanctorum, in ipsorum memoriam et honorem quos figurant, ac ipsorum loca et reliquias processionibus, genuflexionibus, inclinationibus, thurificationibus, deosculationibus, oblationibus, luminarium accensionibus, et peregrinationibus, nec non aliis quibuscunque modis et formis quibus nostris et prædecessorum nostrorum temporibus fieri consuevit, venerari debere. Guilhelm. Lyndewode provincial. lib. 5. de hæretic. cap. Nullus quoque.

f Non solum autem licere in ecclesia imagines habere, et illis honorem et cultum adhibere, ostendet parochus (cum honos qui illis exhibetur, referatur ad prototypa) verum etiam maximo fidelium bono ad hanc usque diem factum declarabit. Catechism. Roman. part. 3. cap. 2. sect. 14.

g Sanctorum quoque imagines in templis positas demonstrabit; ut et colantur, et exemplo moniti, ad eorum vitam ac mores nos ipsos conformemus. Ibid.

h Ergo non solum fatendum est, fideles in Ecclesia adorare coram imagine, ut nonnulli ad cautelam forte loquuntur, sed et adorare imaginem, sine quo volueris scrupulo; quin et eo illam venerantur cultu, quo et prototypon ejus :

that the faithful in the Church do adore before the images (as some peradventure would cautelously speak) but also adore the image itself, without what scruple you will; yea they do reverence it with the same worship, wherewith they do the thing that is represented thereby. Wherefore," saith he, "if that ought to be adored with Latria, (or divine worship) this also is to be adored with Latria; if with Dulia or Hyperdulia, this likewise is to be adored with the same kind of worship." And so we see that Thomas Aquinas doth directly conclude, that "the same reverence is to be given unto the image of Christ and to Christ himself: and by consequence, seeing Christ is adored with the adoration of Latria (or divine worship) that his image is to be adored with the adoration of Latria." Upon which place of Thomas, friar Pedro de Cabrera, a great master of divinity in Spain, doth lay down these conclusions. I. "It is simply and absolutely to be said, that holy images are to be worshipped, in churches and out of churches, and the contrary is an heretical doctrine." For explication whereof he declareth, that by this worshipping he meaneth, "that signs of service and submission are to be exhibited unto images, by embracing, lights, oblation of incense, uncovering of the head," &c. and that "this conclusion is a doctrine of faith collected out of the holy Scripture; by which it appeareth, that things created, yea although they be senseless, so that

propter quod, si illud habet adorari latria, et illa latria; si dulia vel hyperdulia, et illa pariter, ejusmodi cultu adoranda est. Jacob. Naclantus, in epist. ad Rom. cap. 1. fol. 42. edit. Venet. ann. 1557.

Sic sequitur, quod eadem reverentia exhibeatur imagini Christi et ipsi Christo. Cum ergo Christus adoretur adoratione latriæ: consequens est, quod ejus imago sit adoratione latriæ adoranda. Thom. Summ. part. 3. quæst. 25.

artic. 3.

Simpliciter et absolute dicendum est, sacras imagines esse venerandas in templis, et extra templa: et contrarium est dogma hæreticum. Hoc est, imaginibus exhibenda esse signa servitutis et submissionis, amplexu, luminaribus, oblatione suffituum, capitis nudatione, &c. Hæc conclusio est dogma fidei collectum ex sancta scriptura, ex qua constat, res creatas etiam inanimes dummodo Deo sint sacratæ, esse adorandas. Pet. de Cabrera, in 3. part. Thom. quæst. 25. artic. 8. disput. 2. num. 15.

they be consecrated unto God, are to be adored." II. "Images' are truly and properly to be adored; and out of an intention to adore themselves, and not only the samplers that are represented in them." This conclusion (which he maketh to be the common resolution of the divines of that side) he opposeth against Durand and his followers, who held that images are adored only improperly, because they put men in mind of the persons represented by them, who are then adored before the images, as if they had been there really present. But this opinion, he saith, is censured by the latter divines to be dangerous, rash, and savouring of heresy: yea, and by Franciscus Victoria to be plainly heretical. For “ifm images be adored only improperly, they are not to be adored simply and absolutely, which is a manifest heresy," saith Cabrera. And "if images were only to be worshipped by way of rememoration and recordation, because they make us remember the samplers, which we do so worship, as if they had been then present, it would follow that all creatures should be adored with the same adoration, wherewith we worship God, seeing all of them do lead us unto the knowledge and remembrance of God, and God is present in all things." III. "The doctrine delivered by Thomas, that the image and the sampler represented by it is to be worshipped with the same act of

I Imagines sunt vere et proprie adorandæ, et ex intentione ipsas adorandi, et non tantum exemplaria in ipsis repræsentata. Hæc conclusio est contra Durandum et sectatores illius; quorum sententia a recentioribus censetur periculosa, temeraria, et sapiens hæresim: et M. Medina hic refert, magistrum Victoriam reputasse illam hæreticam. Sed nostra conclusio est communis theologorum. Pet. de Caprera in 3. part. Thom. quæst. 25. art. 8. disp. 2. num. 32.

m Si imagines improprie tantum adorantur; simpliciter et absolute non adorantur, neque sunt adorandæ : quod est hæresis manifesta. Ibid. num. 34. n Si imagines solum adorantur rememorative et recordative, quia recordari nos faciunt exemplarium, quæ ita adoramus, acsi essent præsentia: sequeretur eadem adoratione, qua colimus Deum, esse adorandas omnes creaturas; cum omnes in Dei cognitionem et recordationem nos ducant, et Deus sit in omnibus rebus. Sed consequens est absurdum. Ergo. Ibid. num. 35.

• Sententia Divi Thomæ, quatenus docet eodem actu adorationis coli imaginem, et exemplar per illam repræsentatum, est verissima, piissima, et fidei decretis admodum consona. Ibid. disput. 3. num. 56.